垂直統合と契約栽培を通した近代化に向けたベトナムにおける養豚-豚肉加工バリューチェーンの統治改革に関する研究

概要

In Vietnam, swine and pork products not only play important roles in the agro-food industry but also bring their own social and economic history. Hog-pork system has witnessed the boom of contract farming (CF) agreement, dynamic consolidation in the animal feed industry, and the chasing for the ‘farm-to-table model’ of the largest companies in Vietnam. This shows the first signs for the reformation of swine-to-pork VCs, which are ignored in the previous studies. We sought the gap by analyzing the formation of vertical coordination (VCO), vertical integration (VI), and contract farming (CF) scheme in the hog-pork system of Vietnam, and how these derive the governance reformation of the swine-to-pork VCs toward modernization. This study combines qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative is mainly used for summarizing the VCO, VI, and CF in the hog-pork system while quantitative methods utilized for providing the principle basis for the expansion of VCO and CF through matching contractual applicants and maximize farmer’s utility. The combination of choice modeling and Recursive Bivariate Probit model to extract the intention-realization discrepancy using 142 observations in Hanoi City, Vietnam in 2013 and 2019. The mean-variance utility function is used to develop the selection criteria of the contractor to maximize the farmer’s utility. The criteria are investigated through Analytical Hierarchy Process. Results are followings: The formation of VCO in the hog-pork system has been driven mainly by the lead firms in the animal feed industry and the largest firms in meat processing and retailing. By 2018, eight companies have been fully vertical integration (i.e. completed feed-farm-food or 3Fs model), of which six firms have conducted via the producer-driven expansion (upstream company expanding to retailing of pork products). The full vertically integrated firms, as connotations of hierarchy relation, are going to dominate the domestic market for ready-meal and ready-cooking meat in the urban areas. The hybrid forms of vertical coordination like the formal cooperation relation models and semi-vertically integrated model (feed-farm models) are necessary for supply safe food and rationale for private companies possessing limited resources.

Insights the vertical coordination, CF, as a tool for coping with risks, is still utilized to ensure stable hog flows and animal feed sales. Its contents are similar among contractors for the terms of risk-sharing articles. Contractee is provided weaned breeds (3-4kg/piglet), feeds, medicine, technical facilities, technical staff then give back live hogs at weight at least 100 kilograms. He/she controls land tenure, manages the farm, rents labors, etc. to ensure smooth operation. The predetermined fixed payments are given to producers that base on fattening compensate, mortality, pig disease, and the efficiency of feed consumption. The contract specified how loss is shared if an un-systemic epidemic occurred (unavoidably annual loss) or majeure cases like epidemic swept over, war or personal cases. The contractor imposes a penalty for the breaking contract or moral risk. Even a contract is not a perfect risk-sharing instrument, but at least it protects farmers from the two staple risks to upgrade their scale.

Since the occurrence VCO and CF in the hog-pork system, the swine-to-pork VCs have been changed for the following trends: 1) The modernized swine-to-pork VCs contribute to overcoming inherent problems of traditional ones regarding the supply of in-time quality and quantity of safe products. These are seeking for benefit in processed, fresh and chilled pork that ready-for-meal, ready-for-cooking, targeting urban and township areas and export markets. 2) the traditional VCs are retaining their roles for poverty reduction, market access, and the ways of improving livelihood for farmers concerning animal health and hygiene food serving for local end-users and niche markets. 3) The competition among integrated firms in exploiting pork and hog market together with the effects of systematic risk like a disease outbreak or its correlated with hog price variation, the modernized VCs are going to expand rapidly.

To matching applicants, besides retaining current agents, the contractor should expand their searches to potential prioritize groups such as farms entry after the shock, young large-scale hogs farmers, or investors outside the community. In the turn of the farmer, they look at the most important criteria of a contract is how it protect their risk of income, following by this absolute total gross margin per litter, gaining from a certain large-scale offering. The contractor is scored better with these two criteria are more preferable. All contractors are scored higher than the autonomy option. This confirms that VCO with any contractor is better than staying independent at the equivalent scale. The contractor should base on those criteria to attract farmers’ participants.

　As swine-to-pork VC in Vietnam is still at the beginning of modernization, general policies triggering the involvement of private firms are rational besides the tightening quality standards of meat and surveillance of food safety. Besides, formal CF should be fostered as a tool for coping with risk. The further implications in removing barriers to develop market-based or government-based instruments of risk coping like livestock insurance and hedging through futures contracts or options. Managerial implications for the leading integrated firms and its supply chain members that set environmental-friendly standard production to build a resilient VCs while the traditional ones chase for the safety hygiene product concerning animal health and hygiene food serving to local end-users and niche markets. The leading integrated firms should also focus on tangible, intangible attributes and value of the meat. The Lean techniques and Agile concepts so that improvements in the performance of the meat chain should be implemented.