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Structural brain changes in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: A multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study of gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity

Mishima, Ryo 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k23776

2022.03.23

概要

【背景】
神経性やせ症（anorexia nervosa：AN）は摂食障害の一種であり、肥満への恐怖と重度のやせ状態をその特徴とする。AN の神経生物学的基盤の解明を目指し、脳MRIの様々な撮像法・解析法を用いることで、多数の脳領域で脳構造変化が報告されている。しかし、特に重症かつ慢性の症例では、AN にみられる脳構造変化は、AN の病態と関連する脳領域特異的な変化と、低栄養による脳領域非特異的な萎縮との両者を含んでいると考えられる。そのため先行研究は、脳領域特異的な変化が、低栄養による脳の全体的な萎縮によって過小評価あるいは過大評価されている可能性がある。そこで本研究では、ANにおける灰白質体積、皮質厚、白質統合性の指標である異方性比率（fractional anisotropy :FA）を、全般的脳萎縮の指標（グローバル指標）による補正なしと補正ありの両条件で、健常対照（HC）群と比較した。このことによって、低栄養による脳領域非特異的な脳構造変化と、AN の病態と関連する脳領域特異的な変化との、双方を推定することを目指した。

【方法】
AN 成人女性患者 35 名と年齢性別をマッチさせた HC 群 35 名を対象に、3テスラ MRI を用いて T1 強調画像および拡散強調画像の全脳での撮像を実施した。AN群は平均Body Mass Index (BMI) 14.2kg/m2、平均罹病期間15.7 年と、重症かつ慢性に相当した。灰白質体積については voxel-based morphometry 法を、皮質厚についてはsurface-based morphometry 法を、FA 値についてはtract-based spatial statistics 法をそれぞれ用いて、AN 群・HC 群の間で局所脳構造の比較を行った。続いて、総灰白質体積、脳全体の平均皮質厚、白質骨格全体の平均FA を上記それぞれの解析におけるグローバル指標とみなし、これらの値で補正した上で、同じ群間比較を行なった。

【結果】
グローバル指標で補正する前の解析では、HC 群と比較して、AN 群では前頭葉（前頭極、下前頭回除く）、頭頂葉、側頭葉、小脳での灰白質体積減少、上前頭回、頭頂葉、後頭葉での皮質厚減少、広汎な白質領域でのFA 値低下を認めた。グローバル指標での補正後の解析では、AN 群における左内側眼窩回と左頭頂弁蓋部の皮質厚の増加を除いて、群間差は消失した。

【考察】
グローバル指標補正前の解析では、AN 群では広汎な脳領域において減少性の脳構造変化を示しており、本研究結果は先行研究と一致する。本研究参加者が重症かつ慢性のAN 患者であったことから、この結果は長期の低栄養状態の影響による可能性がある。一方で、グローバル指標補正後の解析では、左内側眼窩回と左頭頂弁蓋部においてAN 群での皮質厚増加を示した。内側眼窩回は先行研究においても増加性変化が報告されている部位であり、報酬系や意思決定に関与する脳領域である。同領域の皮質厚増加は、持続する不適切な食行動などのAN の病態生理に関わっている可能性がある。グローバル指標による補正を行うと、上述の2 領域を除き、AN 群とHC 群の群間差は消失した。このことは AN における脳領域非特異的な脳構造変化の影響の大きさを示すものと考える。AN の脳構造変化は、低栄養による脳領域非特異的な萎縮とAN の病態と関連する脳領域特異的な変化との両者を含んでいると考えられる。本研究結果は、前者の変化が支配的な影響を与えていること、および、後者の変化がAN の疾患特異的な病態を説明する可能性があることを示唆するものである。

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