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Antioxidant Nanomedicine with Cytoplasmic Distribution in Neuronal Cells Shows Superior Neurovascular Protection Properties for Ischemic Stroke in Mice

Arnela, Mujagić 筑波大学 DOI:10.15068/0002000727

2021.07.28

概要

1.1 Ischemic stroke and mechanical thrombectomy
After ischemic heart disease, stroke is the second-most common cause of mortality and the third most common cause of disability worldwide. [1–9] Increased stroke burden over the past 25 years has been growing, especially in the developing countries, where the highest stroke DALYs (disability-adjusted life-years) and mortality rates have been reported. Stroke is one of the leading public health problems, because it is the main cause of physical and cognitive incapacities among the working population. Although stroke mortality has been in a decline globaly since 1990s, the absolute number of people who died from stroke, remained disabled from stroke or survived stroke has increased. [1–9] Stroke is no longer a disease of the elderly, considering that according to the Global Burden of Disease Study of 2013, two-thirds of all strokes occur among people <70 years of age. Physical and intellectual limitations that lead to the high social cost of the stroke, develop in majority of the stroke survivors. [4]

Majority of all stroke cases are ischemic stroke due to cerebral artery occlusion, a life- threatening condition following neurological disorder. [5,6] Ischemic stroke is acute reduction in cerebral blood flow caused by in situ thrombosis or embolization of preexisting blood clot. Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has been used for the past 20 years as a treatment option for restoration of the blood flow in the occluded cerebral artery. However, IVT has to be administered within 4.5 hours of symptom onset and has many contraindications, such as active bleeding and present coagulation abnormalities. [5,6] IVT is not so effective in reestablishing blood flow in occluded large brain artery, and in the case of the middle cerebral artery blood flow was reestablished in 37.8% of the treated cases. [10] Taking in consideration that stroke on the basis of middle cerebral artery occlusion is especially disabling, desirable clinical outcome of functional independence is difficult to obtain in majority of the treated patients. [10]

Mechanical thrombectomy using a stent retriever is an efficient and safe method of recanalizing of the emergent large vessel occlusion in the brain. With its establishment as therapy for an acute cerebral artery occlusion, treatment of severe ischemic stroke entered a new era. However, even if the occluded cerebral artery is recanalized by thrombectomy, the poor prognosis due to intracranial hemorrhage and expansion of cerebral infarction was described in 54%, and death in 15.3% of the patients in 2016 HERMES collaborators study. [2-9]

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