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Figure captions
403
Fig. 1. Preparation of deacetylated α-ChNFs.
404
Fig. 2. Effect of NaOH aqueous solution treatment time on DA. (b) Magnified illustration of
405
(a). Deacetylated chitin powder (○), solid residue (□) shown in Fig. 1.
406
Fig. 3. Effect of DA on the weight change of α-chitin.
407
Fig. 4. FT-IR spectra of deacetylated chitin powder with different DAs.
408
Fig. 5. FE-SEM image and width distribution of α-ChNFs at DA = 95%.
409
Fig. 6. FE-SEM images and width distributions of α-ChNFs at DA = 66%.
410
Fig. 7. FE-SEM images and width distributions of α-ChNFs at DA = 35%.
411
Fig. 8. Effect of DA on the transmittance and photographs of α-ChNF dispersions.
412
Fig. 9. Effect of DA on the viscosity of α-ChNF dispersions.
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Fig. 10. Model for estimating NF width at different DAs.
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18
415
α-Chitin powder
Deacetylation
Centrifugation and decantation
Deacetylated chitin powder
Acetic acid treatment
Centrifugation and decantation
Solid residue
Supernatant
Water added to adjust concentration
Suspension of chitin powder (1 wt%)
Wet pulverization using
Star Burst
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
Chitin nanofiber dispersion (1 wt%)
J. Machida et al.
19
Fig. 1
e of acetylation [%]
100
(a)
80
60
40
20
100
80
60
40
20
100
200
300
400
427
428
429
430
431
432
20
40
60
80
100
J. Machida et al.
20
Fig. 2
Weight change [%]
433
434
435
436
437
438
100
80
60
40
20
30
40
50
60
70
Degree of acetylation [%]
J. Machida et al.
21
Fig. 3
439
Transmittance [-]
DA
95%
60%
47%
35%
26%
4000
440
441
442
443
444
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumber [cm-1]
J. Machida et al.
22
Fig. 4
445
30
DA 95%
Ave. 34.1 nm
SD 24.6 nm
1 µm
Frequency [%]
25
20
15
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
10 passes
NF width [nm]
446
447
448
449
450
451
J. Machida et al.
23
Fig. 5
452
40
Frequency [%]
DA 66%
1 µm
Ave. 28.4 nm
SD 14.8 nm
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
NF w idth [nm]
1 pass
Frequency [%]
40
1 µm
Ave. 31.1 nm
SD 18.4 nm
30
20
10
2 passes
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
NF w idth [nm]
1 µm
10 passes
453
454
455
456
457
458
Frequency [%]
80
Ave. 18.5 nm
SD 6.8 nm
60
40
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
NF w idth [nm]
J. Machida et al.
24
Fig. 6
459
80
Ave. 20.3 nm
SD 5.5 nm
Frequency [%]
DA 35%
1 µm
60
40
20
1 pass
Frequency [%]
80
1 µm
50
Ave. 18.6 nm
SD 6.7 nm
60
40
20
2 passes
1 µm
Frequency [%]
80
10 passes
10 20 30 40
NF w idth [nm]
10 20 30 40
NF w idth [nm]
50
Ave. 17.6 nm
SD 5.0 nm
60
40
20
460
461
462
463
464
465
10 20 30 40
NF w idth [nm]
50
J. Machida et al.
25
Fig. 7
466
Transmittance [%]
1 pass
3 passes
10 passes
467
468
469
470
471
472
2 passes
5 passes
80
DA of (10 passes)
35%
95%
60
40
20
25
50
75
100
Degree of acetylation [%]
J. Machida et al.
26
Fig. 8
Viscosity [mPa s]
1 pass
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
2 passes
5 passes
10 passes
25
50
75
100
Degree of acetylation [%]
J. Machida et al.
27
Fig. 9
480
DA 100%
34 nm
35%
20 nm
66%
28 nm
Estimated
width
Deacetylated
part
Nondeacetylated
part
Acetic acid and
Star Burst
treatments
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
J. Machida et al.
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Fig. 10
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