Research on Factors Affecting Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Polluted and Clean Areas

概要

Research on Factors Affecting Concentrations
of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Polluted and Clean Areas
著者
内容記述
URL

Ph?m Kim Oanh
学位記番号：論工第1582号, 指導教員：竹中 規訓
http://doi.org/10.24729/00016958

Research on Factors Affecting
Concentrations of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Polluted and Clean Areas

PHAM KIM OANH

February 2020

Doctoral Thesis at Osaka Prefecture University

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction and background ......................................................................................... 1
1.1

General considerations ..................................................................................................... 2

1.2

Overview of PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment .............. 3

1.2.1

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the occurrence of PM2.5 in the atmosphere...... 3

1.2.2

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ........................................................................... 5

1.2.3

Occurrence of PAHs in the atmosphere ................................................................... 5

1.2.4

Toxicity of PAHs and harmful effects of PM2.5....................................................... 8

1.2.5

Analyzing method of PAHs ..................................................................................... 9

1.3

Objective and organization of the thesis ........................................................................ 10

References .................................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2 Seasonal variation of PAHs in PM2.5 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam using thermal
desorption-GC/MS ............................................................................................................................. 16
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.2 Materials and methods........................................................................................................ 18
2.2.1 Analysis of PAHs: TD-GC/MS optimization conditions ............................................ 18
2.2.2 Air monitoring station samples ................................................................................... 18
2.2.3 Quality assurance and quality control ......................................................................... 23
2.2.4 Data analysis and source apportionment ..................................................................... 23
2.2.5 Health risk assessment................................................................................................. 24
2.3 Results and Discussions ..................................................................................................... 24
2.3.1 Optimization of TD-GC/MS method .......................................................................... 24
2.3.2 Comparison with liquid-liquid extraction method ...................................................... 29
2.3.3 Seasonal variation of PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations ............................................ 30
2.3.4 Source apportionment and health risk assessment ...................................................... 36
2.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 39

i

References .................................................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 3 Preliminary study on influence of cultural activities during Vietnamese New Year
holidays on PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ............................................... 43
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 44
3.2 Experimental Section ......................................................................................................... 45
3.2.1 Sampling site and sampling method ............................................................................ 45
3.2.2 Chemicals .................................................................................................................... 47
3.2.3 Analysis of PAHs by TD-GC/MS ............................................................................... 48
3.2.4 Data analysis................................................................................................................ 52
3.3 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................... 53
3.3.1 The validation of the samples ...................................................................................... 53
3.3.2 The variation of PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations .................................................... 55
3.3.3 Source determination ................................................................................................... 64
3.3.4 Health risk assessment................................................................................................. 66
3.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 67
References .................................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 4 Chemical characteristics, burning rates and ash emission factor of PM2.5 from Japanese
and Vietnamese incense sticks ........................................................................................................... 74
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 75
4.2 Materials and method ......................................................................................................... 76
4.2.1 Selection of incense sticks ........................................................................................... 76
4.2.2 Sampling method ......................................................................................................... 77
4.2.3 Analysis methods ........................................................................................................ 79
4.3 Result and discussion ......................................................................................................... 82
4.3.1 PAHs emission factor .................................................................................................. 82
4.3.2 Carbonaceous particles emission factor ...................................................................... 89

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4.3.3 Soluble ions ................................................................................................................. 92
4.3.4 Mass profile of incense sticks ..................................................................................... 97
4.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 99
References .................................................................................................................................. 100
Chapter 5 Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in antarctic snow polluted by
research activities using snow mobile and diesel electric generator ................................................ 103
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 104
5.2 Sampling and Methods ..................................................................................................... 105
5.2.1 Sampling point and expected source of PAHs .......................................................... 105
5.2.2 The PAHs analyzed and reagents .............................................................................. 109
5.2.3 Sampling and preservation methods of the PAHs ..................................................... 109
5.2.4 Photo decomposition of the PAHs in the polluted snow samples from Antarctica .. 109
5.2.5 Measurement of the wind speed ................................................................................ 110
5.3 Results and discussions .................................................................................................... 110
5.3.1 Sampling and preservation methods of the PAHs ..................................................... 110
5.3.2 Variation in the PAH concentration in the snow due to the research activities in
Antarctica ................................................................................................................................. 112
5.3.3 Decomposition of the PAHs by solar radiation in Antarctica ................................... 115
5.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 117
References .................................................................................................................................. 118
Chapter 6 Conclusion and future research ................................................................................. 121

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1

1.1 General considerations
Human activity is the main source of many kinds of pollution around the world. Air pollution has
been a serious problem around the world especially in developing countries like Vietnam. Even in
remote areas like Antarctica, the snow got polluted. More concern is focused on the organic pollutants
because of their toxicity and persistence. One of them are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
which are formed from the incomplete combustion of organic materials including biomass, gasoline,
diesel, and coal. ...

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