1. Friedman, M. Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide. A review. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 4504–4526. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Gierisch, J.M.; Coeytaux, R.R.; Urrutia, R.P.; Havrilesky, L.J.; Moorman, P.G.; Lowery, W.J.; Dinan, M.; McBroom, A.J.; Hasselblad, V.; Sanders, G.D.; et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark. 2013, 22, 1931–1943. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Hogervorst, J.G.; Baars, B.-J.; Schouten, L.J.; Konings, E.J.; Goldbohm, R.A.; van den Brandt, P.A. The carcinogenicity of dietary acrylamide intake: A comparative discussion of epidemiological and experimental animal research. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2010, 40, 485–512. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some Industrial Chemicals; IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans volume 60; IARC Publication: Lyon, France, 1994.
5. Tareke, E.; Rydberg, P.; Karlsson, P.; Eriksson, S.; Törnqvist, M. Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4998–5006. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Mottram, D.S.; Wedzicha, B.L.; Dodson, A.T. Food chemistry: Acrylamide is formed in the Maillard reaction. Nature 2002, 419, 448–449. [CrossRef]
7. Riboldi, B.P.; Vinhas, Á.M.; Moreira, J.D. Risks of dietary acrylamide exposure: A systematic review. Food Chem. 2014, 157, 310–322. [CrossRef]
8. Sumner, S.C.; Fennell, T.R.; Moore, T.A.; Chanas, B.; Gonzalez, F.; Ghanayem, B.I. Role of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the metabolism of acrylamide and acrylonitrile in mice. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1999, 12, 1110–1116. [CrossRef]
9. Ghanayem, B.I.; McDaniel, L.P.; Churchwell, M.I.; Twaddle, N.C.; Snyder, R.; Fennell, T.R.; Doerge, D.R. Role of CYP2E1 in the epoxidation of acrylamide to glycidamide and formation of DNA and hemoglobin adducts. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 88, 311–318. [CrossRef]
10. Doroshyenko, O.; Fuhr, U.; Kunz, D.; Frank, D.; Kinzig, M.; Jetter, A.; Reith, Y.; Lazar, A.; Taubert, D.; Kirchheiner, J.; et al. In vivo role of cytochrome P450 2E1 and glutathione-S-transferase activity for acrylamide toxicokinetics in humans. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark. 2009, 18, 433–443. [CrossRef]
11. Bogovski, P.; Bogovski, S. Special report animal species in which n-nitroso compounds induce cancer. Int. J. Cancer 1981, 27, 471–474. [CrossRef]
12. Klein, R.; Janowsky, I.; Schmezer, P.; Hermann, R.; Spiegelhalder, B.; Zeller, W.; Pool, B. Effect of long-term inhalation of N-nitroso-dimethyl amine (NDMA) and SO2/NOx in rats. Exp. Pathol. 1989, 37, 273–280. [CrossRef]
13. Tsugane, S.; Sawada, N. The JPHC study: Design and some findings on the typical Japanese diet. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 44, 777–782. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Tsugane, S.; Kobayashi, M.; Sasaki, S. Validity of the self-administered food frequency questionnaire used in the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC Study Cohort I: Comparison with dietary records for main nutrients. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 13, 51–56. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Kotemori, A.; Ishihara, J.; Zha, L.; Liu, R.; Sawada, N.; Iwasaki, M.; Sobue, T.; Tsugane, S. Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of breast cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Cancer Sci. 2018, 109, 843–853. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Liu, R.; Sobue, T.; Kitamura, T.; Kitamura, Y.; Ishihara, J.; Kotemori, A.; Zha, L.; Ikeda, S.; Sawada, N.; Iwasaki, M. Dietary Acrylamide Intake and Risk of Esophageal, Gastric, and Colorectal Cancer: The Japan Public Health Center–Based Prospective Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark. 2019, 28, 1461–1468. [CrossRef]
17. Sasaki, S.; Kobayashi, M.; Ishihara, J.; Tsugane, S. Self-administered food frequency questionnaire used in the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC Study: Questionnaire structure, computation algorithms, and area-based mean intake. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 13, 13–22. [CrossRef]
18. Ishihara, J.; Inoue, M.; Kobayashi, M.; Tanaka, S.; Yamamoto, S.; Iso, H.; Tsugane, S. Impact of the revision of a nutrient database on the validity of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). J. Epidemiol. 2006, 16, 107–116. [CrossRef]
19. Tsugane, S.; Sasaki, S.; Kobayashi, M.; Tsubono, Y.; Akabane, M. Validity and reproducibility of the self-administered food frequency questionnaire in the JPHC Study Cohort I: Study design, conduct and participant profiles. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 13, 2–12. [CrossRef]
20. Ishihara, J.; Sobue, T.; Yamamoto, S.; Yoshimi, I.; Sasaki, S.; Kobayashi, M.; Takahashi, T.; Iitoi, Y.; Akabane, M.; Tsugane, S.; et al. Validity and reproducibility of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire in the JPHC Study Cohort II: Study design, participant profile and results in comparison with Cohort I. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 13, 134–147. [CrossRef]
21. Kagawa, Y. Standard tables of food composition in Japan. In Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition; FAO: Roma, Italy, 2008; pp. 28–36.
22. Food Safety Commission of Japen. Study on Estimate of Acrylamide Intake from Food; Food Safety Commission of Japen: Tokyo, Japen, 2016.
23. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Risk Profile Sheet Relating to the Food Safety for Acrylamide; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Tokyo, Japen, 2015.
24. National Institute of Health Sciences. Acrylamide Analysis in Food. Available online: http://www.mhlw.go. jp/topics/2002/11/tp1101-1a.html (accessed on 15 March 2018).
25. Mizukami, Y.; Kohata, K.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hayashi, N.; Sawai, Y.; Chuda, Y.; Ono, H.; Yada, H.; Yoshida, M. Analysis of acrylamide in green tea by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 7370–7377. [CrossRef]
26. Takatsuki, S.; Nemoto, S.; Sasaki, K.; Maitani, T. Production of acrylamide in agricultural products by cooking. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn. 2004, 45, 44–48. [CrossRef]
27. Food Safety Commission of Japen. Information Clearing Sheet for Acrylamide. Available online: https://www. fsc.go.jp/fsciis/attachedFile/download?retrievalId=kai20111222sfc&fileId=520 (accessed on 4 December 2017).
28. FAO/WHO. Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food; FAO: Roma, Italy, 2002.
29. Kotemori, A.; Ishihara, J.; Nakadate, M.; Sawada, N.; Iwasaki, M.; Sobue, T.; Tsugane, S. Validity of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire for the estimation of acrylamide intake in the Japanese population: The JPHC FFQ Validation Study. J. Epidemiol. 2018, 28, 482–487. [CrossRef]
30. Inoue, M.; Yoshimi, I.; Sobue, T.; Tsugane, S. Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective study in Japan. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005, 97, 293–300. [CrossRef]
31. Schettgen, T.; Rossbach, B.; Kütting, B.; Letzel, S.; Drexler, H.; Angerer, J. Determination of haemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide in smoking and non-smoking persons of the general population. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2004, 207, 531–539. [CrossRef]
32. Bravi, F.; Bosetti, C.; Tavani, A.; Bagnardi, V.; Gallus, S.; Negri, E.; Franceschi, S.; La Vecchia, C. Coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis. Hepatology 2007, 46, 430–435. [CrossRef]
33. Larsson, S.C.; Wolk, A. Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2007, 132, 1740–1745. [CrossRef]
34. Sang, L.-X.; Chang, B.; Li, X.-H.; Jiang, M. Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: A meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013, 13, 34. [CrossRef]
35. Shimazu, T.; Tsubono, Y.; Kuriyama, S.; Ohmori, K.; Koizumi, Y.; Nishino, Y.; Shibuya, D.; Tsuji, I. Coffee consumption and the risk of primary liver cancer: Pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 116, 150–154. [CrossRef]
36. Asaad, N.A.; Zhao-Chong, Z.; Guan, J.; Thacker, J.; Iliakis, G. Homologous recombination as a potential target for caffeine radiosensitization in mammalian cells: Reduced caffeine radiosensitization in XRCC2 and XRCC3 mutants. Oncogene 2000, 19, 5788–5800. [CrossRef]
37. Joerges, C.; Kuntze, I.; Herzinge, T. Induction of a caffeine-sensitive S-phase cell cycle checkpoint by psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation. Oncogene 2003, 22, 6119–6128. [CrossRef]
38. Saiki, S.; Sasazawa, Y.; Imamichi, Y.; Kawajiri, S.; Fujimaki, T.; Tanida, I.; Kobayashi, H.; Sato, F.; Sato, S.; Ishikawa, K.-I.; et al. Caffeine induces apoptosis by enhancement of autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K inhibition. Autophagy 2011, 7, 176–187. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Azam, S.; Hadi, N.; Khan, N.U.; Hadi, S.M. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of caffeine, theobromine and xanthine. Med Sci. Monit. 2003, 9, BR325–BR330. [PubMed]
40. Cavin, C.; Holzhaeuser, D.; Scharf, G.; Constable, A.; Huber, W.; Schilter, B. Cafestol and kahweol, two coffee specific diterpenes with anticarcinogenic activity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002, 40, 1155–1163. [CrossRef]
41. Majer, B.; Hofer, E.; Cavin, C.; Lhoste, E.; Uhl, M.; Glatt, H.; Meinl, W.; Knasmüller, S. Coffee diterpenes prevent the genotoxic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4, 5-b] pyridine (PhIP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine in a human derived liver cell line (HepG2). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2005, 43, 433–441. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Cavin, C.; Holzhäuser, D.; Constable, A.; Huggett, A.C.; Schilter, B. The coffee-specific diterpenes cafestol and kahweol protect against aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity through a dual mechanism. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19, 1369–1375. [CrossRef]
43. Hogervorst, J.G.F. Dietary Acrylamide Intake and Human Cancer Risk; Maastricht University: Maastricht, The Netherland, 2009.
44. Larsson, S.C.; Åkesson, A.; Bergkvist, L.; Wolk, A. Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of men. Eur. J. Cancer 2009, 45, 513–516. [CrossRef]
45. Schatzkin, A.; Kipnis, V.; Carroll, R.J.; Midthune, D.; Subar, A.F.; Bingham, S.; Schoeller, D.A.; Troiano, R.P.; Freedman, L.S. A comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for use in an epidemiological cohort study: Results from the biomarker-based Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 32, 1054–1062. [CrossRef]