Identification of Kuroshio meanderings south of Japan via a topological data analysis for sea surface height

Ambe D, Imakawi S, Uchida H, Ichikawa K (2004) Estimating the Kuroshio axis south of Japan using combination of satellite altimetry and drifting buoys. J Oceanogr 60:375–382. https:// doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038343.31468.fe

Aoki K, Miyazawa Y, Hihara T, Miyama T (2020) An objective method for probabilistic forecasting of multimodal kuro- shio states using ensemble simulation and machine learn- ing. J Phys Oceanogr 50:3189–3204. https://doi.org/10.1175/ JPO-D-19-0316.1

Ducet N, Le Traon PY, Reverdin G (2000) Global high-resolution map- ping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and-2. J Geophys Res 105:19477–19498. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2000JC900063

Hirose N, Usui N, Sakamoto K et al (2019) Development of a new operational system for monitoring and forecasting coastal and open-ocean states around Japan. Ocean Dyn 69:1333–1357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01306-x

Kawabe M (1980) Sea level variations along the south coast of Japan and the large meander in the Kuroshio. J Oceanogr Soc Japan 36:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02312095

Kawabe M (1995) Variations of current path, velocity, and volume transport of the kuroshio in relation with the large meander. J Phys Oceanogr 25:3103–3117. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520- 0485(1995)025%3c3103:VOCPVA%3e2.0.CO;2

Maximenko N, Niiler P, Rio MH et al (2009) Mean dynamic topog- raphy of the ocean derived from satellite and drifting buoy data using three different techniques. J Atmos Ocean Technol 26:1910– 1919. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHO672.1

Miyazawa Y, Yamane S, Guo X, Yamagata T (2005) Ensemble forecast of the Kuroshio meandering. J Geophys Res C Ocean 110:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002426

Miyazawa Y, Zhang R, Guo X et al (2009) Water mass variability in the western North Pacific detected in a 15-year eddy resolving ocean reanalysis. J Oceanogr 65:737–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10872-009-0063-3

Nakamura H, Nishina A, Minobe S (2012) Response of storm tracks to bimodal kuroshio path states south of Japan. J Clim 25:7772– 7779. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00326.1

Nakata H, Funakoshi S, Nakamura M (2000) Alternating dominance of postlarval sardine and anchovy caught by coastal fishery in rela- tion to the Kuroshio meander in the Enshu-nada Sea. Fish Ocean- ogr 9:248–258. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.2000.00140.x

Ohishi, S., Hihara, T., Aiki, H., Ishizaka, J., Miyazawa, Y., Kachi, M., and Miyoshi, T.: An ensemble Kalman filter system with the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-40, in review, 2022.

Ohishi, S., Miyoshi, T., and Kachi, M.: An EnKF-based ocean data assimilation system improved by adaptive observation error inflation (AOEI), Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-91, in review, 2022.

Sakajo T, Yokoyama T (2015) Transitions between streamline topolo- gies of structurally stable Hamiltonian flows in multiply connected domains. Phys D Nonlinear Phenom 307:22–41. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.physd.2015.05.013

Sakajo T, Yokoyama T (2018) Tree representations of streamline topologies of structurally stable 2D incompressible flows. IMA J Appl Math 83:380–411. https://doi.org/10.1093/imamat/hxy005 Sugimoto S, Hanawa K (2012) Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east. J Oceanogr 68:219–225. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10872-011-0089-1

Sugimoto S, Qiu B, Kojima A (2020) Marked coastal warming off Tokai attributable to Kuroshio large meander. J Oceanogr 76:141–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-019-00531-8

Taburet G, Sanchez-Roman A, Ballarotta M et al (2019) DUACS DT-2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimeter products. Ocean Sci 2014:1–30. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-120

Tsujino H, Usui N, Nakano H (2006) Dynamics of Kuroshio path vari- ations in a high-resolution general circulation model. J Geophys Res 111:C11001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003118

Uda T, Sakajo T, Inatsu M, Koga K (2021) Identification of atmos- pheric blocking with morphological type by topological flow data analysis. J Meteorol Soc Japan 99:1169–1183. https://doi.org/10. 2151/jmsj.2021-057

Uda T, Yokoyama T, Sakajo T (2019) Algorithms converting stream- line topologies for 2D Hamiltonian vector fields using Reeb graphs and persistent homology. Trans Japan Soc Ind Appl Math 29:187–224. https://doi.org/10.11540/jsiamt.29.2 187

Usui N, Tsujino H, Fujii Y, Kamachi M (2006) Short-range pre- diction experiments of the Kuroshio path variabilities south of Japan. Ocean Dyn 56:607–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10236-006-0084-z

Usui N, Tsujino H, Nakano H et al (2011) Decay mechanism of the 2004/05 Kuroshio large meander. J Geophys Res 116:C10010. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007009

Usui N, Tsujino H, Nakano H, Matsumoto S (2013) Long-term vari- ability of the Kuroshio path south of Japan. J Oceanogr 69:647– 670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-013-0197-1

Yokoyama T, Sakajo T (2013) Word representation of streamline topol- ogies for structurally stable vortex flows in multiply connected domains. Proc R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 469:20120558. https:// doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0558