Public attitudes in Japan toward the creation and use of gametes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

1.

Hayashi K, Ohta H, Kurimoto K et al. Reconstitution of the mouse germ cell specification pathway in culture by pluripotent stem cells.

Cell 146(6), 519–532 (2011).

••

This was a milestone paper reporting a successful creation of sperm from mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent

stem cells, and birth of a mouse, derived from the sperm.

2.

Hayashi K, Ogushi S, Kurimoto K et al. Offspring from oocytes derived from in vitro primordial germ cell-like cells in mice. Science

338(6109), 971–975 (2012).

••

This was a milestone paper reporting the successful creation of ova from mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent

stem cells, and the birth of a mouse, derived from the ova.

3.

Irie N, Weinberger L, Tang WW et al. SOX17 is a critical specifier of human primordial germ cell fate. Cell 160(1–2), 253–268 (2015).

4.

Sasaki K, Yokobayashi S, Nakamura T et al. Robust in vitro induction of human germ cell fate from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell

17(2), 178–194 (2015).

5.

Yamashiro C, Sasaki K, Yabuta Y et al. Generation of human oogonia from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Science 362(6412),

356–360 (2018).

6.

Mathews DJ, Donovan PJ, Harris J et al. Pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes: truth and (potential) consequences. Cell Stem Cell 5(1),

11–14 (2009).

7.

Bredenoord AL, Hyun I. Ethics of stem cell-derived gametes made in a dish: fertility for everyone? EMBO Mol. Med. 9(4), 396–398

(2017).

8.

Testa G, Harris J. Ethical aspects of ES cell-derived gametes. Science 305(5691), 1719 (2004).

This was the first paper to address ethical issues regarding the creation and use of in vitro derived (IVD)-gametes.

9.

Testa G, Harris J. Ethics and synthetic gametes. Bioethics 19(2), 146–166 (2005).

10. Smadjor A, Cutas D. Artificial gametes. Nuffield Council on Bioethics: Background Paper

(2015). https://www.nuff ieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/Background-paper-2016-Artif icial-gametes.pdf

••

This review elucidated ethical, legaland social challenges concerning the creation and use of IVD-gametes.

11. Segers S, Mertes H, de Wert G et al. Balancing ethical pros and cons of stem cell derived gametes. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 45(7), 1620–1632

(2017).

12. Cohen IG, Daley GQ, Adashi EY. Disruptive reproductive technologies. Sci. Transl. Med. 9(372), 1–3 (2017).

13. Sparrow R. In vitro eugenics. J. Med. Ethics 40(11), 725–731 (2014).

14. Bourne H, Douglas T, Savulescu J. Procreative beneficence and in vitro gametogenesis. Monash Bioeth. Rev. 30(2), 29–48 (2012).

15. Ministry of Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Guidelines on research into producing germ cells from human

induced pluripotent stem cells or human tissue stem cells (in Japanese) (2010) revised in 2015.

https://www.lifescience.mext.go.jp/f iles/pdf /n1492 01r2.pdf

16. Cabinet Office. The interim report of issues regarding fertilization of human germ cells from pluripotent stem cells (in Japanese)

(2015). https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/life/chukanmatome 150909.pdf

17. Mizuno H. Recommended ethical safeguards on fertilization of human germ cells derived from pluripotent stem cells solely for research

purposes. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 12(4), 377–384 (2016).

18. Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare (MHLW). Ethical guidelines of the production and use of human fertilized embryos for the

research on assisted reproductive technology (in Japanese) (2010).

https://www.mhlw.go.jp/f ile/06-Seisakujouhou-12600000-Seisakutoukatsukan/0000168766.pdf

19. Ishii T, Pera RA, Greely HT. Ethical and legal issues arising in research on inducing human germ cells from pluripotent stem cells. Cell

Stem Cell 13(2), 145–148 (2013).

20. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Guidelines for human stem cell research

(2009). https://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/2009-guidelines.htm

21. Jasanoff S. Technologies of humility: citizen participation in governing science. Minerva. 41, 223–244 (2003).

22. Ishii T, Saitou M. Promoting In Vitro gametogenesis research with a social understanding. Trends Mol. Med. 23(11), 985–988 (2017).

23. Sue VM, Ritter LA. Conducting the surveys. In: Conducting Online Surveys. Sue VM, Ritter LA (Eds). SAGE Publications, Inc., CA,

USA, 88–98 (2007).

10.2144/fsoa-2021-0066

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Kyoto University Research Information Repository

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Research Article

Attitudes in Japan toward the creation and use of gametes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells

24. The Bureau of Statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The Japan Population Estimates 2015 (2015).

https://www.stat.go.jp/data/jinsui/2014np/index.html

25. Akatsuka K, Hatta T, Sawai T, Fujita M. Public attitudes in Japan toward the reproductive use of gametes derived from human-induced

pluripotent stem cells. Future Science OA (2021) (Epub ahead of print).

26. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Science. (2nd Edition) Routledge, NY, USA, 413 (1998).

27. O’Brien R. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Qual. Quant. 41(5), 673–690 (2007).

28. Belsley DA, Kuh E, Welsch RE. Detecting and assessing collinearity. In: Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of

Collinearity. Belsley DA, Kuh E, Welsch RE (Eds). John Wiley & Sons, NY, USA 85–191 (1980).

29. G´omez-Lobo A. Does respect for embryos entail respect for gametes? Theor. Med. Bioeth. 25(3), 199–208 (2004).

30. Sawai T, Hatta T, Fujita M. Public attitudes in Japan towards human-animal chimeric embryo research using human induced

pluripotent stem cells. Regen. Med. 12(3), 233–248 (2017).

31. Wilkinson D, Herring J, Savulescu J. Reasoning about ethics. Medical Ethics and Law: A curriculum for the 21st Century.(3rd Edition)

Elsevier Oxford, UK (2019)

32. Devolder K, Creating and sacrificing embryos for stem cells. J. Med. Ethics 31(6), 366–370 (2005).

33. Devolder K. Introduction:The ethics of embryonic stem cell research The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Oxford University Press,

Oxford, UK (2015).

34. Lippman A, Newman SA. The ethics of deriving gametes from ES cells. Science 307(5709), 515–517 (2005).

35. Watt H. Ancestor embryos: embryonic gametes and genetic parenthood. J. Med. Ethics 40(11), 759–761 (2014).

36. Council for Science, Technology and Policy (CSTP). Basic ideas on the handling of human embryos (in Japanese) (2004).

https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/life/haihu39/siryo5-1-1.pdf

37. Hudson K, Faden R, Scott J. Values in conflict: public attitudes on embryonic stem cell research (2005).

https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/965/2005ValuesInConflict.pdf ?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

38. Hendriks S, Hessel M, Mochtar MH et al. Couples with non-obstructive azoospermia are interested in future treatments with artificial

gametes. Hum. Reprod. 31(8), 1738–1748 (2016).

This paper reports that in The Netherlands, 89% of couples in which the male partner was diagnosed with azoospermia would

consider IVD-gametes as an option for their infertility treatment.

39. Regalado A. EXCLUSIVE: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies. MIT’s Technol. Rev.

(2018).https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/11/25/138962/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies

40. International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). The science and ethics of generating gametes from stem cells (Fucus session

presented by the ISSCR Ethics Committee) (2021).

https://www.isscr.org/docs/def ault-source/2021-annual-meeting/ethics-f ocus-session 1-pager.pdf ?sfvrsn=6ae75eb1 2

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