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19
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of 781 male participants aged 40–79 years (SESSA, Shiga, Japan, 2006–2008 at baseline and 2010–2014 at
follow-up)
Study participants according to smoking status at baseline
Baseline characteristic
Total (n = 781)
Never (n = 146)
Former (n = 393)
Current (n = 242)
P value
Age, years
63.8 ± 9.5
64.3 ± 9.8
65.4 ± 9.0
60.8 ± 9.5
<0.01
Body mass index, kg/m
23.5 ± 2.9
23.8 ± 2.7
23.5 ± 2.9
23.5 ± 3.1
0.49
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
135.7 ± 18.4
135.3 ± 17.6
137.5 ± 18.8
133.2 ± 17.9
0.02
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
79.9 ± 11.0
80.0 ± 9.8
80.5 ± 11.6
78.7 ± 10.7
0.15
Diabetes mellitus, %
18.6
16.4
17.6
21.5
0.33
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
210.3 ± 32.9
209.3 (33.4)
211.3 ± 31.3
209.2 ± 35.2
0.69
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
59.1 ± 17.0
59.9 (15.8)
60.8 ± 17.9
55.8 ± 15.7
<0.01
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL
126.4 ± 30.9
126.6 (30.5)
126.9 ± 28.7
125.3 ± 34.6
0.81
Triglycerides, mg/dL
106.0 (77.0, 150.0)
97.0 (69.0, 141.0)
101.0 (74.0, 142.0)
127.5 (86.0,167.0)
<0.01
Medication for hypertension, %
28.2
26.0
33.8
20.1
<0.01
Medication for dyslipidemia, %
13.2
17.8
13.5
9.9
0.09
Alcohol intake, g/week
98.0 (7.0, 258.6)
29.3 (0.0, 151.9)
99.1 (12.5, 256.4)
149.2 (12.3, 322.6)
<0.01
Exercise, %
45.6
45.2
54.7
31.0
<0.01
Occupation status, %
0.20
Self-employed, agriculture
13.4
11.6
12.8
15.4
Company employees
44.4
42.5
41.8
49.8
Unemployed
32.7
34.3
35.7
27.0
Others
9.5
11.6
9.7
7.9
Education years, year
12.8 ± 2.4
13.2 ± 2.4
12.5 ± 2.5
12.5 ± 2.3
0.03
C-reactive protein, mg/L
0.4 (0.2, 0.9)
0.4 (0.2, 0.6)
0.4 (0.2, 0.9)
0.5 (0.2, 1.0)
<0.01
Number of cigarettes per day
NA
NA
20.0 (15.0, 30,0)
20.0 (15.0, 25,0)
<0.01
Pack-years of smoking
NA
NA
25.0 (12.0, 42.0)
38.7 (23.7, 50.9)
<0.01
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (25th, 75th), or percentage. Body mass index was defined as weight (kg) divided
by square of height (m). Differences in characteristics were evaluated using the analysis of variance, χ2 test, or Kruskal–Wallis test.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein ; LDL, low-density lipoprotein ; CAC, coronary artery calcification; AAC, Aorta Artery calcification. Diabetes
mellitus was defined as either fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c (NGSP) ≥6.5%, or medication use.
20
Table 2 Odds ratios of having CAC and AAC progression by smoking status at baseline in 781 men aged 40-79 years (SESSA, Shiga, Japan,
2006–2008 at baseline and 2010–2014 at follow-up)
Smoking
No. of
status at
participants
baseline
No. of CAC
progression
(%)
Odd ratios of having CAC progression
(95% CI)
Multivariable
Crude
Age adjusted
adjusted
(Ref)
(Ref)
(Ref)
Never
146
49
(33.6)
Former
smoker
393
157
(40.0)
1.32
(0.89−1.96)
Current
smoker
242
107
(44.2)
1.57
1.82
1.73
(1.02−2.41) a (1.17−2.82) a (1.09−2.73) a
1.28
(0.85−1.91)
1.22
(0.80−1.84)
No. of AAC
progression
(%)
21
(14.4)
Odd ratios of having AAC progression
(95% CI)
Multivariable
Crude
Age adjusted
adjusted
(Ref)
(Ref)
(Ref)
97
(24.7)
1.95
1.90
1.64
(1.16−3.27) (1.12−3.20) (0.95−2.81)
64
(26.5)
2.14
2.67
2.47
(1.24−3.69) b (1.52−4.68) b (1.38−4.44) b
Multivariable adjusted model was adjusted for age, dyslipidemia (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), body max index,
exercise (yes/no), and alcohol intake (g/week).
CAC, coronary artery calcification; AAC, Aorta Artery calcification; CI, confidence interval.
Progression of coronary artery calcification was defined as follows, for those with CACS = 0 at baseline, defined as CAC ≥10 at follow-up; for
those with 0< CAC <100 at baseline, defined as annualized change of ≥10 Agatston units at follow-up; for those with CAC ≥100 at baseline,
defined as annualized percentage change of ≥ 10% at follow-up.
Progression of aorta calcification was defined as follows, for those with AAC =0 at baseline, defined as AAC ≥100 at follow-up; for those with
0< AAC <1000 at baseline, defined as annualized change of ≥ 100 Agatston units at follow-up; for those with AAC ≥1000 at baseline, defined as
annualized percentage change of ≥10% at follow-up.
P value a <0.05; b <0.01
21
Smoking status
No. of
No. of CAC
at baseline participants progression (%)
Never
Multivariable adjusted odd
Multivariable adjusted odd
ratios of having CAC
No. of AAC
ratios of having AAC
progression
progression (%)
progression
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
146
49 (33.6)
21 (14.4)
>24.2 years
131
54 (41.2)
24 (18.3)
10.7–24.2 years
131
44 (33.6)
32 (24.4)
<10.7 years
131
Former smoker
Tertiles of smoking cessation intervals
59 (45.0)
41 (31.3)
Current Smoker
Tertiles of cumulative smoking exposure
<28.8 pack-years
80
26 (32.5)
18 (22.5)
28.8–45.4 pack-years
81
37 (45.7)
22 (27.2)
>45.4 pack-years
81
44 (54.3)
24 (29.6)
Figure 1. Odds Ratios of having CAC and AAC progression by Smoking Status at baseline, Cumulative Smoking Exposure by Pack-years and
Smoking Cessation Intervals in 781 Men Aged 40-79 Years (SESSA, Shiga, Japan, 2006-2008 at baseline and 2010-2014 at follow-up)
CAC, coronary artery calcification; AAC, Aorta Artery calcification; CI, confidence interval. Multivariable model adjusted for age, dyslipidemia
(yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), body max index, exercise (yes/no), and alcohol intake (g/week).
22
Supplementary Table 1. Odds ratios of having CAC progression by smoking status at baseline, cumulative smoking exposure by pack-years
and smoking cessation Intervals
Odd ratios (95% CI)
No. of
participant
No. of CAC
progression (%)
Crude
Age adjusted
146
49 (33.6)
1 (Ref.)
1 (Ref.)
Multivariable
adjusted
1 (Ref.)
131
54 (41.2)
1.39 (0.85−2.26)
1.25 (0.76−2.04)
1.26 (0.76−2.10)
131
44 (33.6)
1.00 (0.61−1.65)
0.97 (0.59−1.61)
0.87 (0.52−1.47)
<10.7 years
Current smoker
Tertiles of cumulative smoking exposure
<28.8 pack-years
131
59 (45.0)
1.62 (1.00−2.64)
1.70 (1.04−2.79) a
1.63 (0.98−2.72)
80
26 (32.5)
0.95 (0.53−1.70)
1.18 (0.65−2.14)
1.23 (0.67−2.28)
28.8 – 45.4 pack-years
81
37 (45.7)
1.67 (0.96−2.90)
1.96 (1.11−3.45) a
1.72 (0.95−3.13)
≥45.4 pack-years
81
44 (54.3)
2.35 (1.35−4.11) b
2.50 (1.42−4.39) b
2.42 (1.34−4.38) a
Smoking status at baseline
Never
Former smoker
Tertiles of smoking cessation intervals
>24.2 years
10.7 – 24.2 years
CAC, coronary artery calcification; CI, confidence interval.
Multivariable model adjusted for age, dyslipidemia (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), body max index, exercise
(yes/no), and alcohol intake (g/week).
P value a <0.05; b <0.01
23
Supplementary Table 2. Odds ratios of having AAC progression by smoking status at baseline, cumulative smoking exposure by pack-years
and smoking cessation intervals
Smoking status at baseline
Never
Former smoker
Tertiles of smoking cessation intervals
>24.2 years
10.7 – 24.2 years
Odd ratios (95% CI)
No. of
participant
No. of AAC
progression (%)
Crude
Age adjusted
147
21 (14.4)
1 (Ref.)
1 (Ref.)
Multivariable
adjusted
1 (Ref.)
122
24 (18.3)
1.34 (0.70−2.53)
1.16 (0.61−2.22)
1.14 (0.58−2.22)
133
1.92 (1.05−3.54) a
1.88 (1.01−3.51) a
1.60 (0.84−3.03)
2.71 (1.50−4.90) b
2.98 (1.63−5.46) b
2.33 (1.24−4.38) b
<10.7 years
Current smoker
Tertiles of cumulative smoking exposure
<28.8 pack-years
132
32 (24.4)
41 (31.3)
80
18 (22.5)
1.73 (0.86−3.48)
2.42 (1.17−5.00) a
2.51 (1.18−5.32) a
28.8 – 45.4 pack-years
81
22 (27.2)
2.22 (1.13−4.35) a
2.93 (1.46−5.87) b
2.45 (1.18−5.06) a
≥45.4 pack-years
81
24 (29.6)
2.51 (1.29−4.87) b
2.80 (1.42−5.52) b
2.55 (1.25−5.20) a
AAC, Aorta Artery calcification; CI, confidence interval.
Multivariable model adjusted for age, dyslipidemia (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), body max index, exercise
(yes/no), and alcohol intake (g/week).
P value a <0.05; b <0.01
24
Supplementary Table 3. Odds ratios of having CAC progression by original definition of Berry by smoking status at baseline, cumulative
smoking exposure by pack-years and smoking cessation intervals
Odd ratios (95% CI)
No. of
participant
No. of CAC
progression (%)
Crude
Age adjusted
146
49 (33.6)
1 (Ref.)
1 (Ref.)
Multivariable
adjusted
1 (Ref.)
131
54 (41.2)
1.21 (0.76−1.95)
1.09 (0.68−1.77)
1.19 (0.69−1.85)
131
44 (33.6)
0.81 (0.50−1.31)
0.78 (0.48−1.27)
0.73 (0.44−1.20)
<10.7 years
Current smoker
Tertiles of cumulative smoking exposure
<28.8 pack-years
131
59 (45.0)
1.42 (0.88−2.28)
1.47 (0.91−2.38)
1.40 (0.86−2.31)
80
26 (32.5)
0.88 (0.51−1.54)
1.07 (0.60−1.89)
1.10 (0.61−1.98)
28.8 – 45.4 pack-years
81
37 (45.7)
1.29 (0.75−2.23)
1.48 (0.85−2.59)
1.32 (0.74−2.35)
≥45.4 pack-years
81
44 (54.3)
2.03 (1.17−3.52) b
2.13 (1.22−3.71) b
2.01 (1.13−3.58) a
Smoking status at baseline
Never
Former smoker
Tertiles of smoking cessation intervals
>24.2 years
10.7 – 24.2 years
CAC, coronary artery calcification; CI, confidence interval.
Multivariable model adjusted for age, dyslipidemia (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), body max index, exercise
(yes/no), and alcohol intake (g/week).
P value a <0.05; b <0.01
Original definition of Berry: Progression of coronary artery calcification was defined as follows, for those with CACS = 0 at baseline, defined as
CAC >0 at follow-up; for those with 0< CAC <100 at baseline, defined as annualized change of ≥10 Agatston units at follow-up; for those with
CAC ≥100 at baseline, defined as annualized percentage change of ≥ 10% at follow-up.
25
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