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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant number 16K14457. S.A. acknowledges the support from

Cooperative Research Program of Network Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices that has been

supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. We thank

Prof. Minoru T. Miyahara and Dr. Satoshi Watanabe for the use of the objective lens for interfacial tension

measurements.

Author contributions

S.A. constructed the software and hardware. T.M. and S.A. conceived the project. K.M. managed the project. Y.T.

performed experiments and analysis. Y.M. and S.A. assisted analysis. N.C. made suggestions and discussions on

the sensing system. All authors have discussed results and co-written the manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64520-4.

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.A.

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