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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to all the participants in this study and all the individuals involved in

data collection. The idea of this work was obtained from other works supported by RIKEN Healthcare and

Medical Data Platform Project and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant numbers: JP 16H01880, JP 16K13072, JP 18H00994,

JP18H03388). The Japan Environment and Children’s Study was funded by the Ministry of the Environment,

Japan. The findings and conclusions of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent

the official views of the Ministry of the Environment.

Author contributions

Study conception and design: S.M. Statistical analyses: T.M. Drafting of the manuscript and approval of the final

content: K.N., S.M., and T.M. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and manuscript review: K.N., T.M., S.M., M.O., K.K.(Kiyoko Kato), M.S.(Masafumi Sanefuji), E.S., M.T., M.S.(Masayuki

Shimono), T.K., S.O., K.K.(Koichi Kusuhara), and the JECS Group members.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.M.

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© The Author(s) 2020

The Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group

Michihiro Kamijima10, Shin Yamazaki11, Yukihiro Ohya12, Reiko Kishi13, Nobuo Yaegashi14,

Koichi Hashimoto15, Chisato Mori16, Shuichi Ito17, Zentaro Yamagata18, Hidekuni Inadera19,

Takeo Nakayama20, Hiroyasu Iso21, Masayuki Shima22, Youichi Kurozawa23, Narufumi

Suganuma24 & Takahiko Katoh25

10

Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan. 11National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.

National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. 13Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.

14

Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. 15Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. 16Chiba University, Chiba,

Japan. 17Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. 18University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan. 19University of

Toyama, Toyama, Japan. 20Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 21Osaka University, Suita, Japan. 22Hyogo College

of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan. 23Tottori University, Yonago, Japan. 24Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan.

25

Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.

12

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