[1] Penesyan, A.; Kjelleberg, S.; Egan, S. Development of novel drugs from marine surface associated microorganisms. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 438‒459.
[2] Silva, T. H.; Alves, A.; Popa, E. G.; Reys, L. L.; Gomes, M. E.; Sousa, R. A.; Silva, S. S.; Mano, J. F.; Reis, R. L. Marine algae sulfated polysaccharides for tissue engineering and drug delivery approaches. Biomatter 2012, 2, 278‒289.
[3] Gómez-Guzmán, M.; Rodríguez-Nogales, A.; Algieri, F.; Gálvez, J. Potential role of seaweed polyphenols in cardiovascular-associated disorders. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 250.
[4] Patel, S. Therapeutic importance of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds: updating the recent findings. 3 Biotech 2012, 2, 171‒185.
[5] Ale, M. T.; Mikkelsen, J. D.; Meyer, A. S. Important determinants for fucoidan bioactivity: a critical review of structure-function relations and extraction methods for fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 2106‒2130.
[6] Mohamed, S.; Hashim, S. N.; Rahman, H. A. Seaweeds: a sustainable functional food for complementary and alternative therapy. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2012, 23, 83‒96.
[7] Jin, J. O.; Zhang, W.; Du, J. Y.; Wong, K. W.; Oda, T.; Yu, Q. Fucoidan can function as an adjuvant in vivo to enhance dendritic cell maturation and function and promote antigen-specific T cell immune responses. PLoS One 2014, 9, e99396.
[8] Kawashima, T.; Murakami, K.; Nishimura, I.; Nakano, T.; Obata, A. A sulfated polysaccharide, fucoidan, enhances the immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2012, 29, 447‒453.
[9] Maruyama, H.; Tamauchi, H.; Hashimoto, M.; Nakano, T. Antitumor activity and immune response of Mekabu fucoidan extracted from Sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida. In Vivo 2003, 17, 245‒249.
[10] Xue, M.; Ge, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Q.; Hou, L.; Liu, Y.; Sun, L.; Li, Q. Anticancer properties and mechanisms of fucoidan on mouse breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012, 7, e43483.
[11] Usoltseva, R. V.; Anastyuk, S. D.; Surits, V. V.; Shevchenko, N. M.; Thinh, P. D.; Zadorozhny, P. A.; Ermakova, S. P. Comparison of structure and in vitro anticancer activity of native and modified fucoidans from Sargassum feldmannii and S. duplicatum. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 124, 220‒228.
[12] Aisa, Y.; Miyakawa, Y.; Nakazato, T.; Shibata, H.; Saito, K.; Ikeda, Y.; Kizaki, M. Fucoidan induces apoptosis of human HS‐sultan cells accompanied by activation of caspase‐3 and down‐regulation of ERK pathways. Am. J. Hematol. 2005, 78, 7‒14.
[13] Cho, M. L.; Lee, B. Y.; You, S. G. Relationship between oversulfation and conformation of low and high molecular weight fucoidans and evaluation of their in vitro anticancer activity. Molecules 2011, 16, 291‒297.
[14] Ferwerda, G.; Meyer‐Wentrup, F.; Kullberg, B. J.; Netea, M. G.; Adema, G. J. Dectin‐1 synergizes with TLR2 and TLR4 for cytokine production in human primary monocytes and macrophages. Cell. Microbiol. 2008, 10, 2058‒2066.
[15] Kasai, A.; Arafuka, S.; Koshiba, N.; Takahashi, D.; Toshima, K. Systematic synthesis of low-molecular weight fucoidan derivatives and their effect on cancer cells. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015, 13, 10556-10568.
[16] Yang, L.; Wang, P.; Wang, H.; Li, Q.; Teng, H.; Liu, Z.; Yang, W.; Hou, L.; Zou, X. Fucoidan derived from Undaria pinnatifida induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells via the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 1961‒1976.
[17] Melo, M. R. S.; Feitosa, J. P. A.; Freitas, A. L. P.; De Paula, R. C. M. Isolation and characterization of soluble sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea. Carbohydr. Polym. 2002, 49, 491‒498.
[18] Li, B.; Lu, F.; Wei, X.; Zhao, R. Fucoidan: structure and bioactivity. Molecules 2008, 13, 1671‒1695.
[19] Oliveira, C.; Neves, N. M.; Reis, R. L.; Martins, A.; Silva, T. H. A review on fucoidan antitumor strategies: from a biological active agent to a structural component of fucoidan-based systems. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 239, 116131.
[20] Zhao, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, J.; Ma, S.; Yu, Y.; White, W. L.; Yang, S.; Yang, F.; Lu, J. Fucoidan extracted from Undaria pinnatifida: Source for nutraceuticals/functional foods. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 321.
[21] Lin, Y.; Zhang, L.; Chen, L.; Jin, Y.; Zeng, F.; Jin, J.; Wan, B.; Cheung, P. C. K. Molecular mass and antitumor activities of sulfated derivatives of α-glucan from Poria cocos mycelia Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2004, 34, 231‒236.
[22] Oka, S.; Okabe, M.; Tsubura, S.; Mikami, M.; Imai, A. Properties of fucoidans beneficial to oral healthcare. Odontology 2020, 108, 34‒42.
[23] Cunha, L.; Grenha, A. Sulfated seaweed polysaccharides as multifunctional materials in drug delivery applications. Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 42.
[24] Koyanagi, S.; Tanigawa, N.; Nakagawa, H.; Soeda, S.; Shimeno, H. Oversulfation of fucoidan enhances its anti-angiogenic and antitumor activities. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2003, 65, 173‒179.
[25] Haroun-Bouhedja, F.; Ellouali, M.; Sinquin, C.; Boisson-Vidal, C. Relationship between sulfate groups and biological activities of fucans. Thromb. Res. 2000, 100, 453‒459.
[26] Koh, H. S. A.; Lu, J.; Zhou, W. Structure characterization and antioxidant activity of fucoidan isolated from Undaria pinnatifida grown in New Zealand. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 212, 178‒185.
[27] Ale, M. T.; Meyer, A. S. Fucoidans from brown seaweeds: An update on structures, extraction techniques and use of enzymes as tools for structural elucidation. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 8131‒8141.
[28] Oliveira, C.; Ferreira, A. S.; Novoa-Carballal, R.; Nunes, C.; Pashkuleva, I.; Neves, N. M.; Coimbra, M. A.; Reis, R. L.; Martins, A.; Silva, T. H. The key role of sulfation and branching on fucoidan antitumor activity. Macromol. Biosci. 2017, 17, 1600340.
[29] You, S.; Yang, C.; Lee, H.; Lee, B. Molecular characteristics of partially hydrolyzed fucoidans from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida and their in vitro anticancer activity. Food Chem. 2010, 119, 554‒559.
[30] Nagaoka, M.; Shibata, H.; Kimura-Takagi, I.; Hashimoto, S.; Kimura, K.; Makino, T.; Aiyama, R.; Ueyama, S.; Yokokura, T. Structural study of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida. Glycoconj. J. 1999, 16, 19‒26.
[31] Nishino, T.; Aizu, Y.; Nagumo, T. The influence of sulfate content and molecular weight of a fucan sulfate from the brown seaweed Ecklonia kurome on its antithrombin activity. Thromb. Res. 1991, 64, 723‒731.
[32] Park, S. Y.; Hwang, E.; Shin, Y. K.; Lee, D. G.; Yang, J. E.; Park, J. H.; Yi, T. H. Immunostimulatory effect of enzyme-modified Hizikia fusiforme in a mouse model in vitro and ex vivo. Mar. Biotechnol. 2017, 19, 65‒75.
[33] Takeda, K.; Tomimori, K.; Kimura, R.; Ishikawa, C.; Nowling, T. K.; Mori, N. Anti-tumor activity of fucoidan is mediated by nitric oxide released from macrophages. Int. J. Oncol. 2012, 40, 251‒260.
[34] Gordon, S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 3, 23‒35.
[35] Lin, Z.; Tan, X.; Li, F.; Luo, P.; Liu, H. Molecular targets and related biologic activities of fucoidan: A review Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 376.
[36] Kim, Y. S.; Ryu, J. H.; Han, S. J.; Choi, K. H.; Nam, K. B.; Jang, I. H.; Lemaitre, B.; Brey, P. T.; Lee, W. J. Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein, a pattern recognition receptor for lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan that mediates the signaling for the induction of innate immune genes in Drosophila melanogaster cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 32721‒32727.
[37] Akira, S.; Takeda, K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2004, 4, 499‒511.
[38] Akira, S.; Uematsu, S.; Takeuchi, O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 2006, 124, 783‒801.
[39] Manne, B. K.; Getz, T. M.; Hughes, C. E.; Alshehri, O.; Dangelmaier, C.; Naik, U. P.; Watson, S. P.; Kunapuli, S. P. Fucoidan is a novel platelet agonist for the C- type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288, 7717‒7726.
[40] Hsu, H. Y.; Lin, T. Y.; Lu, M. K.; Leng, P. J.; Tsao, S. M.; Wu, Y. C. Fucoidan induces Toll-like receptor 4-regulated reactive oxygen species and promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 44990.
[41] Nakamura, T.; Suzuki, H.; Wada, Y.; Kodama, T.; Doi, T. Fucoidan induces nitric oxide production via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways through macrophage scavenger receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 343, 286‒294.
[42] Yu, H.; Ha, T.; Liu, L.; Wang, X.; Gao, M.; Kelley, J.; Kao, R.; Williams, D.; Li, C. Scavenger receptor A (SR-A) is required for LPS-induced TLR4 mediated NF- κB activation in macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1823, 1192‒1198.
[43] Teruya, T.; Tatemoto, H.; Konishi, T.; Tako, M. Structural characteristics and in vitro macrophage activation of acetyl fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus. Glycoconj. J. 2009, 26, 1019‒1028.
[44] Wenner, C. A.; Güler, M. L.; Macatonia, S. E.; O'Garra, A.; Murphy, K. M. Roles of IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha in IL-12-induced T helper cell-1 development. J. Immunol. 1996, 156, 1442‒1447.
[45] Wang, R.; Jaw, J. J.; Stutzman, N. C.; Zou, Z.; Sun, P. D. Natural killer cell‐produced IFN‐γ and TNF‐α induce target cell cytolysis through up‐regulation of ICAM‐1. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2012, 91, 299‒309.
[46] Sato, S.; Nomura, F.; Kawai, T.; Takeuchi, O.; Mühlradt, P. F.; Takeda, K.; Akira, S. Synergy and cross-tolerance between toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-and TLR4- mediated signaling pathways. J. Immunol. 2000, 165, 7096‒7101.
[47] Underhill, D. M. Collaboration between the innate immune receptors dectin‐1, TLRs, and Nods. Immunol. Rev. 2007, 219, 75-87.
[48] Dennehy, K. M.; Ferwerda, G.; Faro‐Trindade, I.; Pyż, E.; Willment, J. A.; Taylor, P. R.; Kerrigna, A.; Vicky Tsoni, S.; Gordon, S.; Meyer-Wentrup, F.; Adema, G. J.; Kullberg, B. J.; Schweighoffer, E.; Tybulewicz , V.; Mora-Montes, H. M.; Gow, N. A. R.; Williams, D. L.; Netea, M. G.; Brown, G. D. Syk kinase is required for collaborative cytokine production induced through Dectin‐1 and Toll‐like receptors. Eur. J. Immunol. 2008, 38, 500‒506.
[49] Wang, X.; Zhang, L. Physicochemical properties and antitumor activities for sulfated derivatives of lentinan. Carbohydr. Res. 2009, 344, 2209‒2216.
[50] Patankar, M. S.; Oehninger, S.; Barnett, T.; Williams, R. L.; Clark, G. F. A revised structure for fucoidan may explain some of its biological activities. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 21770‒21776.
[51] Sun, Y.; Gong, G.; Guo, Y.; Wang, Z.; Song, S.; Zhu, B.; Zhao, L.; Jiang, J. Purification, structural features and immunostimulatory activity of novel polysaccharides from Caulerpa lentillifera. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 108, 314‒323.
[52] Jun, J. Y.; Jung, M. J.; Jeong, I. H.; Yamazaki, K.; Kawai, Y.; Kim, B. M. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae against dental plaque bacteria. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 301.
[53] Qiao, D.; Luo, J.; Ke, C.; Sun, Y.; Ye, H.; Zeng, X. Immunotimulatory activity of the polysaccharides from Hyriopsis cumingii. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010, 47, 676‒680.
[54] Ale, M. T.; Mikkelsen, J. D.; Meyer, A. S. Designed optimization of a single-step extraction of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from Sargassum sp. J. Appl. Phycol. 2011, 24, 715‒723.
[55] Wang, C. Y.; Chen, Y. C. Extraction and characterization of fucoidan from six brown macroalgae. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 2016, 24, 319‒328.
[56] Hahn, T.; Lang, S.; Ulber, R.; Muffler, K. Novel procedures for the extraction of fucoidan from brown algae. Process Biochem. 2012, 47, 1691‒1698.
[57] Wang, H.; Liu, X.; Nan, K.; Chen, B.; He, M.; Hu, B. Sample pre-treatment techniques for use with ICP-MS hyphenated techniques for elemental speciation in biological samples. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 2017, 32, 58‒77.
[58] Rioux, L. E.; Turgeon, S. L.; Beaulieu, M. Rheological characterisation of polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2007, 87, 1630‒1638.
[59] de la Rocha, S. R.; Sánchez-Muniz, F. J.; Gómez-Juaristi, M.; Marín, M. L. Trace elements determination in edible seaweeds by an optimized and validated ICP- MS method. J. Food Compost. Anal. 2009, 22, 330‒336.
[60] Karlsson, A.; Singh, S. K. Acid hydrolysis of sulphated polysaccharides. Desulphation and the effect on molecular mass. Carbohydr. Polym. 1999, 38, 7- 15.
[61] Rochas, C.; Lahaye, M.; Yaphe, W. Sulfate content of carrageenan and agar determined by infrared spectroscopy. Bot. Mar. 1986, 29, 335‒340.
[62] De Gussem, K.; Vandenabeele, P.; Verbeken, A.; Moens, L. Raman spectroscopic study of Lactarius spores (Russulales, Fungi). Spectrochim. Acta, Pt. A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2005, 61, 2896‒2908.
[63] Sharma, R.; Gupta, P. K.; Mazumder, A.; Dubey, D. K.; Ganesan, K.; Vijayaraghavan, R. A quantitative NMR protocol for the simultaneous analysis of atropine and obidoxime in parenteral injection devices. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2009, 49, 1092‒1096.
[64] Forshed, J.; Erlandsson, B.; Jacobsson, S. P. Quantification of aldehyde impurities in poloxamer by 1H NMR spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 552, 160‒165.
[65] Marcone, M. F.; Wang, S.; Albabish, W.; Nie, S.; Somnarain, D.; Hill, A. Diverse food-based applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. Food Res. Int. 2013, 51, 729‒747.
[66] Wu, Z.; Ming, J.; Gao, R.; Wang, Y.; Liang, Q.; Yu, H.; Zhao, G. Characterization and antioxidant activity of the complex of tea polyphenols and oat β-glucan. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 10737‒10746.
[67] Cao, R.; Komura, F.; Nonaka, A.; Kato, T.; Fukumashi, J.; Matsui, T. Quantitative analysis of D-(+)-glucose in fruit juices using diffusion ordered-1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal. Sci. 2014, 30, 383‒388.
[68] Cao, R.; Nonaka, A.; Komura, F.; Matsui, T. Application of diffusion ordered- 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify sucrose in beverages. Food Chem. 2015, 171, 8‒12.
[69] Schievano, E.; Tonoli, M.; Rastrelli, F. NMR quantification of carbohydrates in complex mixtures. A challenge on honey. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 13405‒13414.
[70] Kato, T.; Abe, A.; Miyadera, A.; Yamamoto, K.; Harada, T.; Ito, H.; Miizukoshi, K.; Igarashi, T. Non-destructive quantification method for glucans using proton qunatitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 67, 430‒441 (in Japanese).
[71] Berregi, I.; del Campo, G.; Caracena, R.; Miranda, J. I. Quantitative determination of formic acid in apple juices by 1H NMR spectrometry. Talanta 2007, 72, 1049‒1053.
[72] Colnago, L. A.; Azeredo, R. B. V.; Marchi Netto, A.; Andrade, F. D.; Venâncio, T. Rapid analyses of oil and fat content in agri‐food products using continuous wave free precession time domain NMR. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2011, 49, S113‒ S120.
[73] Jame, T. L. Fundamentals of NMR. Chapter 1 Biophysics Textbook Online. Biophysical Society. Maryland, 1998, 1‒31.
[74] Hanson, L. G. Is quantum mechanics necessary for understanding magnetic resonance? Concepts Magn. Reson. A: Bridg. Educ. Res. 2008, 32, 329‒340.
[75] Ernst, R. R.; Anderson, W. A. Application of Fourier transform spectroscopy to magnetic resonance. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1966, 37, 93‒102.
[76] Abragam, A. Principles of nuclear magnetism. Oxford University Press. Oxford, 1961.
[77] Saito, T.; Ihara, T.; Koike, M.; Kinugasa, S.; Fujimine, Y.; Nose, K.; Hirai, T. A new traceability scheme for the development of international system-traceable persistent organic pollutant reference materials by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance. Accredit. Qual. Assur. 2009, 14, 79‒86.
[78] Cheng, H. N.; Neiss, T. G. Solution NMR spectroscopy of food polysaccharides. Polym. Rev. 2012, 52, 81‒114.
[79] Sprangers, R.; Groves, M. R.; Sinning, I.; Sattler, M. High-resolution X-ray and NMR structures of the SMN Tudor domain: conformational variation in the binding site for symmetrically dimethylated arginine residues. J. Mol. Biol. 2003, 327, 507‒520.
[80] Fielding, L.; Rutherford, S.; Fletcher, D. Determination of protein–ligand binding affinity by NMR: observations from serum albumin model systems. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2005, 43, 463‒470.
[81] Jia, C.; Wu, B.; Li, S.; Huang, X.; Zhao, Q.; Li, Q. S.; Yang, X. J. Highly efficient extraction of sulfate ions with a tripodal hexaurea receptor. Angew. Chem. 2011, 123, 506‒510.
[82] Khansari, M. E.; Hasan, M. H.; Johnson, C. R.; Williams, N. A.; Wong, B. M.; Powell, D. R.; Tandon, R.; Hossain, M. A. Anion complexation studies of 3- nitrophenyl-substituted tripodal thiourea receptor: A naked-eye detection of sulfate via fluoride displacement assay. ACS Omega 2017, 2, 9057‒9066.
[83] Berger, M.; Schmidtchen, F. P. The binding of sulfate anions by guanidinium receptors is entropy‐driven. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2694‒2696.
[84] Jin, C.; Zhang, M.; Wu, L.; Guan, Y.; Pan, Y.; Jiang, J.; Lin, C.; Wang, L. Squaramide-based tripodal receptors for selective recognition of sulfate anion. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 2025‒2027.
[85] Sato, K.; Onitake, T.; Arai, S. Size selective recognition of anions by a tetracationic imidazoliophane. Heterocylces 2003, 60, 779‒784.
[86] Ihm, H.; Yun, S.; Kim, H. G.; Kim, J. K.; Kim, K. S. Tripodal nitro-imidazolium receptor for anion binding driven by (C−H)+---X-hydrogen bonds. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2897‒2900.
[87] Yoon, J.; Kim, S. K.; Singh, N. J.; Kim, K. S. Imidazolium receptors for the recognition of anions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2006, 35, 355‒360.
[88] In, S.; Cho, S. J.; Kang, J. Anion receptor with xylene bridged two imidazolium rings. Supramol. Chem. 2005, 17, 443‒446.
[89] Wu, L.; Sun, J.; Su, X.; Yu, Q.; Yu, Q.; Zhang, P. A review about the development of fucoidan in antitumor activity: Progress and challenges. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 154, 96‒111.
[90] Song, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wang, Q.; He, Y.; Ren, D.; Liu, S.; Wu, L. Structural characterization and antitumor effects of fucoidans from brown algae Kjellmaniella crassifolia farmed in northern China. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 119, 125‒133.
[91] Karnjanapratum, S.; You, S. Molecular characteristics of sulfated polysaccharides from Monostroma nitidum and their in vitro anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2011, 48, 311‒318.
[92] Kar, S.; Sharma, G.; Das, P. K. Fucoidan cures infection with both antimony- susceptible and-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani through Th1 response and macrophage-derived oxidants. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2011, 66, 618‒625.
[93] Maruyama, H.; Tamauchi, H.; Iizuka, M.; Nakano, T., 1415-7. The role of NK cells in antitumor activity of dietary fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida. Planta Med. 2006, 7, 1415‒1417.
[94] Gantner, B. N.; Simmons, R. M.; Canavera, S. J.; Akira, S.; Underhill, D. M. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. J. Exp. Med. 2003, 197, 1107‒1117.
[95] Shamsul, H. M.; Hasebe, A.; Lyori, M.; Ohtani, M.; Kiura, K.; Zhang, D.; Totsuka, Y.; Shibata, K. I. T. The Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand FSL‐1 is internalized via the clathrin‐dependent endocytic pathway triggered by CD14 and CD36 but not by TLR2. Immunology 2010, 130, 262‒272.
[96] Herre, J.; Marshall, A. S.; Caron, E.; Edwards, A. D.; Williams, D. L.; Schweighoffer, E.; Tybulewicz , V.; Reis e Sousa, C.; Gordon, S.; Brown, G. D. Dectin-1 uses novel mechanisms for yeast phagocytosis in macrophages. Blood 2004, 104, 4038‒4045.
[97] Yin, M.; Zhang, Y.; Li, H. Advances in research on immunoregulation of macrophages by plant polysaccharides. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 145.
[98] Qi, C.; Cai, Y.; Gunn, L.; Ding, C.; Li, B.; Kloecker, G.; Qian, K.; vasilakos, J.; Saijo, S.; Iwakura, Y.; Yannelli, J. R.; Yan, J. Differential pathways regulating innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses by particulate and soluble yeast- derived β-glucans. Blood 2011, 117, 6825‒6836.
[99] Huang, J. H.; Lin, C. Y.; Wu, S. Y.; Chen, W. Y.; Chu, C. L.; Brown, G. D.; Chuu, C. P.; Wu-Hsieh, B. A. CR3 and Dectin-1 collaborate in macrophage cytokine response through association on lipid rafts and activation of Syk-JNK-AP-1 pathway. PLoS Pathogens 2015, 11, e1004985.
[100] Shin, D. M.; Yang, C. S.; Lee, J. Y.; Lee, S. J.; Choi, H. H.; Lee, H. M.; Yuk, J. M.; Harding, C. V.; Jo, E. K. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoprotein‐induced association of TLR2 with protein kinase C zeta in lipid rafts contributes to reactive oxygen species‐dependent inflammatory signalling in macrophages. Cell. Microbiol. 2008, 10, 1893‒1905.
[101] Xu, S.; Huo, J.; Gunawan, M.; Su, I. H.; Lam, K. P. Activated dectin-1 localizes to lipid raft microdomains for signaling and activation of phagocytosis and cytokine production in dendritic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284, 22005‒22011.
[102] Sun, J.; Sun, J.; Song, B.; Zhang, L.; Shao, Q.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, D.; Zhang, Y.; Qu, X. Fucoidan inhibits CCL22 production through NF-κB pathway in M2 macrophages: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 35855.
[103] Mansour, M. B.; Balti, R.; Yacoubi, L.; Ollivier, V.; Chaubet, F.; Maaroufi, R. M. Primary structure and anticoagulant activity of fucoidan from the sea cucumber Holothuria polii. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 121, 1145‒1153.
[104] Korva, H.; Kärkkäinen, J.; Lappalainen, K.; Lajunen, M. Spectroscopic study of natural and synthetic polysaccharide sulfate structures. Starch‐Stärke 2016, 68, 854‒863.
[105] Gale, P. A.; Hiscock, J. R.; Jie, C. Z.; Hursthouse, M. B.; Light, M. E. Acyclic indole and carbazole-based sulfate receptors. Chem. Sci. 2010, 1, 215‒220.
[106] Lacey, M. E.; Subramanian, R.; Olson, D. L.; Webb, A. G.; Sweedler, J. V. High- resolution NMR spectroscopy of sample volumes from 1 nL to 10 μL. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 3133‒3152.
[107] Jansen, E. F.; Jang, R. Esterification of galacturonic acid and polyuronides with methanol-hydrogen chloride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 1475‒1477.
[108] Black, W. A. P.; Dewar, E. T.; Woodward, F. N. Manufacturing of algal chemicals 4: Laboratory scale isolation of fucoidan from brown marine algae. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1952, 3, 122‒129.
[109] Silvestri, L. J.; Hurst, R. E.; Simpson, L.; Settine, J. M. Analysis of sulfate in complex carbohydrates. Anal. Biochem. 1982, 123, 303‒309.
[110] Domenici, V. Dynamics in the isotropic and nematic phases of bent-core liquid crystals: NMR perspectives. Soft Matter 2011, 7, 1589‒1598.
[111] Garna, H.; Emaga, T. H.; Robert, C.; Paquot, M. New method for the purification of electrically charged polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll. 2011, 25, 1219‒1226.
[112] Bittkau, K. S.; Neupane, S.; Alban, S. Initial evaluation of six different brown algae species as source for crude bioactive fucoidans. Algal Res. 2020, 45, 101759.
[113] Secouard, S.; Grisel, M.; Malhiac, C. Flavour release study as a way to explain xanthan–galactomannan interactions. Food Hydrocoll. 2007, 21, 1237‒1244.