1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Levatin, P. Pupillary escape in disease of the retina or optic nerve. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1959, 62, 768–779. [CrossRef]
Thompson, H.S.; Corbett, J.J.; Cox, T.A. How to measure the relative afferent pupillary defect. Surv. Ophthalmol. 1981, 26, 39–42.
[CrossRef]
Feuer, W.J.; Anderson, D.R. Static threshold asymmetry in early glaucomatous visual field loss. Ophthalmology 1989, 96, 1285–1297.
[CrossRef]
Broman, A.T.; Quigley, H.A.; West, S.K.; Katz, J.; Munoz, B.; Bandeen-Roche, K.; Tielsch, J.; Friedman, D.; Crowston, J.; Taylor, H.;
et al. Estimating the rate of progressive visual field damage in those with open-angle glaucoma, from cross-sectional data. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008, 49, 66–76. [CrossRef]
Chang, D.S.; Xu, L.; Boland, M.V.; Friedman, D.S. Accuracy of pupil assessment for the detection of glaucoma: A systematic
review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2013, 120, 2217–2225. [CrossRef]
Tatsumi, Y.; Nakamura, M.; Fujioka, M.; Nakanishi, Y.; Kusuhara, A.; Maeda, H.; Negi, A. Quantification of retinal nerve fiber
layer thickness reduction associated with a relative afferent pupillary defect in asymmetric glaucoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2007, 91,
633–637. [CrossRef]
Besadaa, E.; Frauensa, B.J.; Makhloufa, R.; Shechtmana, D.; Rodmana, J.; Demeritta, M.; Hardigan, P. More sensitive correlation of
afferent pupillary defect with ganglion cell complex. J. Optom. 2018, 11, 75–85. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lowenstein, O.; Loewenfeld, I.E. Electronic pupillography: A new instrument and some clinical applications. Arch. Ophthalmol.
1958, 59, 352–363. [CrossRef]
Cox, T.A. Pupillographic characteristics of simulated relative afferent pupillary defects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1989, 30,
1127–1131. [PubMed]
Kalaboukhova, L.; Fridhammar, V.; Lindblom, B. Relative afferent pupillary defect in glaucoma: A pupillometric study. Acta
Ophthalmol. 2007, 85, 519–525. [CrossRef]
Chang, D.S.; Boland, M.V.; Arora, K.S.; Supakontanasan, W.; Chen, B.B.; Friedman, D.S. Symmetry of the pupillary light reflex
and its relationship to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual field defect. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013, 54, 5596–5601.
[CrossRef]
Ozeki, N.; Yuki, K.; Shiba, D.; Tsubota, K. Pupillographic evaluation of relative afferent pupillary defect in glaucoma patients. Br.
J. Ophthalmol. 2013, 97, 1538–1542. [CrossRef]
Tatham, A.J.; Meira-Freitas, D.; Weinreb, R.N.; Marvasti, A.M.; Zangwill, L.M.; Medeiros, F.A. Estimation of retinal ganglion cell
loss in glaucomatous eyes with a relative afferent pupillary defect. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2014, 55, 513–522. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Gracitelli, C.P.B.; Tatham, A.J.; Zangwill, L.M.; Weinreb, R.N.; Abe, R.Y.; Diniz-Filho, A.; Paranhos, A.; Baig, S.; Medeiros, F.A.
Asymmetric macular structural damage is associated with relative afferent pupillary defects in patients with glaucoma. Invest.
Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2016, 57, 1738–1746. [CrossRef]
Volpe, N.J.; Plotkin, E.S.; Maguire, M.G.; Hariprasad, R.; Galetta, S.L. Portable pupillography of the swinging flashlight test to
detect afferent pupillary defects. Ophthalmology 2000, 107, 1913–1921. [CrossRef]
Couret, D.; Boumaza, D.; Grisotto, C.; Triglia, T.; Pellegrini, L.; Ocquidant, P.; Bruder, N.J.; Velly, L.J. Reliability of standard
pupillometry practice in neurocritical care: An observational, double-blinded study. Crit. Care 2016, 20, 99. [CrossRef]
Chen, J.W.; Gombart, Z.J.; Rogers, S.; Gardiner, S.K.; Cecil, S.; Bullock, R.M. Pupillary reactivity as an early indicator of increased
intracranial pressure: The introduction of the Neurological Pupil index. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2011, 2, 82. [CrossRef]
Kotani, J.; Nakao, H.; Yamada, I.; Miyawaki, A.; Mambo, N.; Ono, Y. A novel method for measuring the pupil diameter and
pupillary light reflex of healthy volunteers and patients with intracranial lesions using a newly developed pupilometer. Front.
Med. 2021, 8, 598791. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mannil, S.S.; Agarwal, A.; Conner, I.P.; Kumar, R.S. A comprehensive update on the use of optical coherence tomography
angiography in glaucoma. Int. Ophthalmol. 2022, 43, 1785–1802. [CrossRef]
Sakamoto, M.; Mori, S.; Ueda, K.; Akashi, A.; Inoue, Y.; Kurimoto, T.; Kanamori, A.; Yamada, Y.; Nakamura, M. Diagnostic utility
of combined retinal ganglion cell count estimates in Japanese glaucoma patients. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 2018, 62, 31–40. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Anderson, D.R.; Patella, V.M. Automated Static Perimetry, 2nd ed.; The C.V. Mosby Co.: St. Louis, MO, USA, 1999; pp. 121–190.
Lankaranian, D.; Altangerel, U.; Spaeth, G.L.; Leavitt, J.A.; Steinmann, W.C. The usefulness of a new method of testing for a
relative afferent pupillary defect in patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 2005, 103,
200–208.
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3936
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
15 of 15
Akashi, A.; Kanamori, A.; Nakamura, M.; Fujihara, M.; Yamada, Y.; Negi, A. Comparative assessment for the ability of Cirrus,
RTVue, and 3D-OCT to diagnose glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013, 54, 4478–4484. [CrossRef]
Ma, J.P.; Robbins, C.B.; Stinnett, S.S.; Johnson, K.G.; Scott, B.L.; Grewal, D.S.; Fekrat, S. Repeatability of peripapillary OCT
angiography in meurodegenerative disease. Ophthalmol. Sci. 2021, 1, 100075. [CrossRef]
Wilhelm, H. Neuro-ophthalmology of pupillary function–practical guidelines. J. Neurol. 1998, 245, 573–583. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Thompson, H.S.; Montague, P.; Cox, T.A.; Corbett, J.J. The relationship between visual acuity, pupillary defect, and visual field
loss. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1982, 93, 681–688. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lagreze, W.D.; Kardon, R.H. Correlation of relative afferent pupillary defect and estimated retinal ganglion cell loss. Graefes Arch.
Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1998, 236, 401–404. [CrossRef]
Liu, L.; Jia, Y.; Takusagawa, H.L.; Pechauer, A.D.; Edmunds, B.; Lombardi, L.; Davis, E.; Morrison, J.C.; Huang, D. Optical
coherence tomography angiography of the peripapillary retina in glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015, 133, 1045–1052. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Wang, X.; Jiang, C.; Ko, T.; Kong, X.; Yu, X.; Min, W.; Shi, G.; Sun, X. Correlation between optic disc perfusion and glaucomatous
severity in patients with open-angle glaucoma: An optical coherence tomography angiography study. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp.
Ophthalmol. 2015, 253, 1557–1564. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Chen, C.L.; Bojikian, K.D.; Gupta, D.; Wen, J.C.; Zhang, Q.; Xin, C.; Kono, R.; Mudumbai, R.C.; Johnstone, M.A.; Chen, P.P.; et al.
ONH perfusion in normal eyes and eyes with glaucoma using optical coherence tomography-based microangiography. Quant.
Imaging Med. Surg. 2016, 6, 125–133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Van Melkebeke, L.; Barbosa-Breda, J.; Huygens, M.; Stalmans, I. Optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma: A
review. Ophthalmic Res. 2018, 60, 139–151. [CrossRef]
Rao, H.L.; Pradhan, Z.S.; Suh, M.H.; Moghimi, S.; Mansouri, K.; Weinreb, R.N. Optical coherence tomography angiography in
glaucoma. J. Glaucoma. 2020, 29, 312–321. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hou, H.; Moghimi, S.; Proudfoot, J.A.; Ghahari, E.; Penteado, R.C.; Bowd, C.; Yang, D.; Weinreb, R.N. Ganglion cell complex
thickness and macular vessel density loss in primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2020, 127, 1043–1052. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Zheng, D.; Huang, Z.; Chen, W.; Zhang, Q.; Shi, Y.; Chen, J.; Cen, L.; Li, T. Repeatability and clinical use of pupillary light reflex
measurement using RAPDx® pupillometer. Int. Ophthalmol. 2022, 42, 2227–2234. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Kawasaki, A.; Moore, P.; Kardon, R.H. Variability of the relative afferent pupillary defect. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1995, 120, 622–633.
[CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
...