[1] Paul M. Fitts. The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 381–391, 1954.
[2] Stuart K. Card, William K. English, and Betty J. Burr. Evaluation of mouse, rate- controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a crt. Ergonomics, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 601–613, 1978.
[3] Masatomo Kobayashi and Takeo Igarashi. Ninja cursors: Using multiple cursors to assist target acquisition on large screens. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’08, pp. 949–958, New York, NY, USA, 2008. Association for Computing Machinery.
[4] Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai. Refining fitts’ law models for bivariate pointing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Sys- tems, CHI ’03, pp. 193–200, New York, NY, USA, 2003. Association for Computing Machinery.
[5] Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai. Beyond fitts’ law: Models for trajectory-based hci tasks. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’97, pp. 295–302, New York, NY, USA, 1997. Association for Computing Machinery.
[6] Jeff Johnson. Designing with the Mind in Mind: Simple Guide to Understanding User Interface Design Guidelines. Morgan Kaufmann, 2 edition, 2014.
[7] Hiroki Usuba, Shota Yamanaka, and Homei Miyashita. User performance by the difference between motor and visual widths for small target pointing. In Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, NordiCHI ’18, pp. 161–169, New York, NY, USA, 2018. Association for Computing Machinery.
[8] Hiroki Usuba, Shota Yamanaka, and Homei Miyashita. Pointing to targets with difference between motor and visual widths. In Proceedings of the 30th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, OzCHI ’18, pp. 374–383, New York, NY, USA, 2018. Association for Computing Machinery.
[9] news HACK by Yahoo!ニュース. Yahoo!ニュースの見出し行間「5 ピクセルの差」に見えた光~ヒートマップで UI 改善, 2014. https://news.yahoo.co.jp/newshack/ newshack/smptop_title_abtest.html.
[10] 日本経済新聞. 1 ピクセル 5 億円…顧客呼ぶヤフーのこだわり分析, 2015. https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO86345390R00C15A5000000/.
[11] Andy Cockburn and Andrew Firth. Improving the acquisition of small targets. People and Computers XVII―Designing for Society, pp. 181–196, 04 2003.
[12] Tovi Grossman and Ravin Balakrishnan. The bubble cursor: Enhancing target ac- quisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor’s activation area. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’05, pp. 281–290, New York, NY, USA, 2005. Association for Computing Machinery.
[13] Olivier Chapuis, Jean-Baptiste Labrune, and Emmanuel Pietriga. Dynaspot: Speed- dependent area cursor. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’09, pp. 1391–1400, New York, NY, USA, 2009. Associ- ation for Computing Machinery.
[14] Xiaojun Su, Oscar Kin-Chung Au, and Rynson W.H. Lau. The implicit fan cursor: A velocity dependent area cursor. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’14, pp. 753–762, New York, NY, USA, 2014. Association for Computing Machinery.
[15] Paul Kabbash and William A. S. Buxton. The “prince” technique: Fitts’ law and selection using area cursors. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’95, pp. 273–279, New York, NY, USA, 1995. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
[16] Aileen Worden, Nef Walker, Krishna Bharat, and Scott Hudson. Making computers easier for older adults to use: Area cursors and sticky icons. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’97, pp. 266–271, New York, NY, USA, 1997. Association for Computing Machinery.
[17] Shumin Zhai, St´ephane Conversy, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, and Yves Guiard. Hu-man on-line response to target expansion. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’03, pp. 177–184, New York, NY, USA, 2003. Association for Computing Machinery.
[18] Andy Cockburn and Philip Brock. Human on-line response to visual and motor target expansion. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006, GI ’06, pp. 81–87, Toronto, Ont., Canada, Canada, 2006. Canadian Information Processing Society.
[19] Carl Gutwin. Improving focus targeting in interactive fisheye views. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’02, pp. 267–274, New York, NY, USA, 2002. Association for Computing Machinery.
[20] Michael J. McGuffin and Ravin Balakrishnan. Fitts’ law and expanding targets: Experimental studies and designs for user interfaces. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 388–422, dec 2005.
[21] Walter W. Johnson and Sandra G. Hart. Step tracking shrinking targets. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 248–252, 1987.
[22] Errol R. Hoffmann. Capture of shrinking targets. Ergonomics, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 519–530, 2011.
[23] Errol R. Hoffmann, Alan H.S. Chan, and Coskun Dizmen. Capture of shrinking targets with realistic shrink patterns. Ergonomics, Vol. 56, No. 11, pp. 1766–1776, 2013.
[24] Darius Miniotas, Oleg Sˇpakov, and I. Scott MacKenzie. Eye gaze interaction with expanding targets. In CHI ’04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’04, pp. 1255–1258, New York, NY, USA, 2004. Association for Computing Machinery.
[25] E. R. F. W. Crossman. The speed and accuracy of simple hand movements. The nature and acquisition of industrial skills, 1957.
[26] Alan Traviss Welford. Fundamentals of Skill. Methuen, 1968.
[27] I. Scott MacKenzie. A note on the information-theoretic basis for fitts’ law. Journal of Motor Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 323–330, 1989. PMID: 15136269.
[28] Heiko Drewes. Only one fitts’ law formula please! In CHI ’10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’10, pp. 2813–2822, New York, NY, USA, 2010. Association for Computing Machinery.
[29] Errol R. Hoffmann. Which version/variation of fitts’ law? a critique of information- theory models. Journal of Motor Behavior, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 205–215, 2013. PMID: 23581725.
[30] Edward R.F.W. Crossman. The measurement of perceptual load in manual opera- tions. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 1956.
[31] Errol R. Hoffmann, Colin G. Drury, and Carol J. Romanowski. Performance in one-, two- and three-dimensional terminal aiming tasks. Ergonomics, Vol. 54, No. 12, pp. 1175–1185, 2011. PMID: 22103725.
[32] Renaud Blanch and Michael Ortega. Benchmarking pointing techniques with dis- tractors: Adding a density factor to fitts’ pointing paradigm. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’11, pp. 1629– 1638, New York, NY, USA, 2011. Association for Computing Machinery.
[33] I. Scott MacKenzie. Fitts’ law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Hum.-Comput. Interact., Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 91–139, March 1992.
[34] E. R. F. W. Crossman and P. J. Goodeve. Feedback control of hand-movement and fitts’ law. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 251–278, 1983.
[35] R. William Soukoreff and I. Scott MacKenzie. Towards a standard for pointing device evaluation, perspectives on 27 years of fitts’ law research in hci. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 751 – 789, 2004. Fitts’ law 50 years later: applications and contributions from human-computer interaction.
[36] Shumin Zhai, Jing Kong, and Xiangshi Ren. Speed-accuracy tradeoff in fitts’ law tasks: on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 823–856, 2004.
[37] Christian Holz and Patrick Baudisch. Understanding touch. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’11, pp. 2501– 2510, New York, NY, USA, 2011. Association for Computing Machinery.
[38] Xiaojun Bi, Yang Li, and Shumin Zhai. Ffitts law: Modeling finger touch with fitts’ law. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Comput- ing Systems, CHI ’13, pp. 1363–1372, New York, NY, USA, 2013. Association for Computing Machinery.
[39] Yu-Jung Ko, Hang Zhao, Yoonsang Kim, IV Ramakrishnan, Shumin Zhai, and Xi- aojun Bi. Modeling two dimensional touch pointing. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’20, pp. 858–868, New York, NY, USA, 2020. Association for Computing Machinery.
[40] Xiaojun Bi and Shumin Zhai. Bayesian touch: A statistical criterion of target selec- tion with finger touch. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’13, pp. 51–60, New York, NY, USA, 2013. Association for Computing Machinery.
[41] Xiaojun Bi and Shumin Zhai. Predicting finger-touch accuracy based on the dual gaussian distribution model. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’16, pp. 313–319, New York, NY, USA, 2016. Association for Computing Machinery.
[42] Shota Yamanaka and Hiroki Usuba. Rethinking the dual gaussian distribution model for predicting touch accuracy in on-screen-start pointing tasks. Proc. ACM Hum.- Comput. Interact., Vol. 4, No. ISS, November 2020.
[43] Yan Ma, Shumin Zhai, IV Ramakrishnan, and Xiaojun Bi. Modeling touch point distribution with rotational dual gaussian model. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’21, New York, NY, USA, 2021. Association for Computing Machinery.
[44] Shota Yamanaka. Effect of gaps with penal distractors imposing time penalty in touch-pointing tasks. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human- Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI ’18, New York, NY, USA, 2018. Association for Computing Machinery.
[45] Shota Yamanaka. Risk effects of surrounding distractors imposing time penalty in touch-pointing tasks. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces, ISS ’18, pp. 129–135, New York, NY, USA, 2018. Association for Computing Machinery.
[46] Shota Yamanaka, Hiroaki Shimono, and Homei Miyashita. Towards more practical spacing for smartphone touch gui objects accompanied by distractors. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces, ISS ’ 19, pp. 157–169, New York, NY, USA, 2019. Association for Computing Machinery.
[47] Jos J. Adam, Robin Mol, Jay Pratt, and Martin H. Fischer. Moving farther but faster: An exception to fitts’s law. Psychological Science, Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 794– 798, 2006. PMID: 16984297.
[48] Jay Pratt, Jos J. Adam, and Martin H. Fischer. Visual layout modulates fitts’s law: The importance of first and last positions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 350–355, Apr 2007.
[49] Ana C. Bradi, Jos J. Adam, Martin H. Fischer, and Jay Pratt. Modulating fitts’s law: the effect of disappearing allocentric information. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 194, No. 4, pp. 571–576, 2009.
[50] Petre V. Radulescu, Jos J. Adam, Martin H. Fischer, and Jay Pratt. Fitts’s law vio- lation and motor imagery: are imagined movements truthful or lawful? Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 201, No. 3, pp. 607–611, Mar 2010.
[51] J. Shawn Farris, Keith S. Jones, and Brent A. Anders. Acquisition speed with targets on the edge of the screen: An application of fitts’ law to commonly used web browser controls. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 45, No. 15, pp. 1205–1209, 2001.
[52] Coskun Dizmen, Errol R. Hoffmann, and Alan H.S. Chan. Movement time to edge and non-edge targets. Ergonomics, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 130–135, November 2013.
[53] Caroline Appert, Olivier Chapuis, and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. Evaluation of point- ing performance on screen edges. In Proceedings of the Working Conference on Ad- vanced Visual Interfaces, AVI ’08, pp. 119–126, New York, NY, USA, 2008. ACM.
[54] Daniel Avrahami. The effect of edge targets on touch performance. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’15, pp. 1837–1846, New York, NY, USA, 2015. Association for Computing Machinery.
[55] Olivier Chapuis and Pierre Dragicevic. Effects of motor scale, visual scale, and quan- tization on small target acquisition difficulty. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 18, No. 3, August 2011.
[56] G´ery Casiez, Daniel Vogel, Qing Pan, and Christophe Chaillou. Rubberedge: Re- ducing clutching by combining position and rate control with elastic feedback. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST ’07, pp. 129–138, New York, NY, USA, 2007. Association for Computing Machinery.
[57] Nikola Banovic, Tovi Grossman, and George Fitzmaurice. The effect of time-based cost of error in target-directed pointing tasks. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Confer- ence on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13, pp. 1373–1382, New York, NY, USA, 2013. Association for Computing Machinery.
[58] Motoyuki Akamatsu, I. Scott Mackenzie, and Thierry Hasbroucq. A comparison of tactile, auditory, and visual feedback in a pointing task using a mouse-type device. Ergonomics, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 816–827, 1995. PMID: 7729406.
[59] Xiang Cao, Jacky Jie Li, and Ravin Balakrishnan. Peephole pointing: Modeling acquisition of dynamically revealed targets. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’08, pp. 1699–1708, New York, NY, USA, 2008. ACM.
[60] Hirotugu Akaike. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transac- tions on Automatic Control, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 716–723, December 1974.
[61] Xiangshi Ren, Jing Kong, and Xing-Qi Jiang. Sh-model: A model based on both system and human effects for pointing task evaluation. IPSJ Digital Courier, Vol. 1, pp. 193–203, 2005.
[62] Shota Yamanaka and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. Modeling fully and partially constrained lasso movements in a grid of icons. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’19, pp. 120:1–120:12, New York, NY, USA, 2019. ACM.
[63] Kenneth P Burnham and David R Anderson. Model selection and multimodel infer- ence: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer Science & Business Media, 2003.
[64] Julien Gori, Olivier Rioul, Yves Guiard, and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. The perils of confounding factors: How fitts’ law experiments can lead to false conclusions. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’18, pp. 196:1–196:10, New York, NY, USA, 2018. ACM.
[65] Eunji Park and Byungjoo Lee. An intermittent click planning model. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’20, pp. 1–13, New York, NY, USA, 2020. Association for Computing Machinery.
[66] Shota Yamanaka, Hiroki Usuba, Haruki Takahashi, and Homei Miyashita. Servo- Gaussian Model to Predict Success Rates in Manual Tracking: Path Steering and Pursuit of 1D Moving Target, pp. 844–857. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2020.
[67] Jin Huang, Feng Tian, Xiangmin Fan, Huawei Tu, Hao Zhang, Xiaolan Peng, and Hongan Wang. Modeling the endpoint uncertainty in crossing-based moving tar- get selection. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’20, pp. 1–12, New York, NY, USA, 2020. Association for Computing Machinery.
[68] Jacob O. Wobbrock, Edward Cutrell, Susumu Harada, and I. Scott MacKenzie. An error model for pointing based on fitts’ law. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’08, pp. 1613–1622, New York, NY, USA, 2008. Association for Computing Machinery.
[69] Jacob O. Wobbrock, Alex Jansen, and Kristen Shinohara. Modeling and predicting pointing errors in two dimensions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’11, pp. 1653–1656, New York, NY, USA, 2011. Association for Computing Machinery.
[70] Brian W Epps. Comparison of six cursor control devices based on fitts’ law models. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 30, pp. 327–331. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, 1986.
[71] Clifton Forlines and Ravin Balakrishnan. Evaluating tactile feedback and direct vs. indirect stylus input in pointing and crossing selection tasks. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’08, pp. 1563– 1572, New York, NY, USA, 2008. Association for Computing Machinery.
[72] Sachi Mizobuchi and Michiaki Yasumura. Tapping vs. circling selections on pen- based devices: Evidence for different performance-shaping factors. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’04, pp. 607–614, New York, NY, USA, 2004. Association for Computing Machinery.