1. Hole B, Gilg J, Casula A, et al. UK renal registry 20th annual report: Chapter 1 UK renal replacement therapy adult incidence in 2016: National and centre-specific analyses. Nephron 2018; 139: 13–46
2. United States Renal Data System. 2018 USRDS annual data report. Chapter 1: Incidence, Prevalence, Patient Characteristics, and Treatment Modalities. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 71: S247–S276
3. Masakane I, Taniguchi M, Nakai S, et al. Annual Dialysis Data Report 2015, JSDT Renal Data Registry. Ren Replace Ther 2018; 4: 19
4. Kurella M, Covinsky KE, Collins AJ, et al. Octogenarians and nonagenarians starting dialysis in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 177–183 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-3- 200702060-00006 PMID: 17283348
5. Murtagh FEM, Marsh JE, Donohoe P, et al. Dialysis or not? A comparative survival study of patients over 75 years with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 1955–1962 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm153 PMID: 17412702
6. Knauf F, Aronson PS. ESRD as a window into America’s cost crisis in health care. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 2093–2097 https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009070715 PMID: 19729435
7. Masakane I, Hasegawa T, Ogata S, et al. Annual peritoneal dialysis report 2014, the peritoneal dialysis registry. Ren Replace Ther 2017; 3
8. Hellemans R, Stel VS, Jager KJ, et al. Do elderly recipients really benefit from kidney transplantation? Transplantation Reviews 2015; 29: 197–201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2015.09.002 PMID: 26586644
9. Rao PS, Merion RM, Ashby VB, et al. Renal transplantation in elderly patients older than 70 years of age: Results from the scientific registry of transplant recipients. Transplantation 2007; 83: 1069–1074 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000259621.56861.31 PMID: 17452897
10. Aikawa A. Current status and future aspects of kidney transplantation in Japan. Ren Replace Ther 2018; 4
11. Diaz-Buxo JA, Zabetakis P, Maddux FW, et al. Intradialytic hypotension: Frequency, sources of varia- tion and correlation with clinical outcome. Hemodial Int 2014; 18: 415–422 https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi. 12138 PMID: 24467830
12. Burton JO, Jefferies HJ, Selby NM, et al. Hemodialysis-induced repetitive myocardial injury results in global and segmental reduction in systolic cardiac function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1925–1931 https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04470709 PMID: 19808220
13. Rayner HC, Zepel L, Fuller DS, et al. Recovery time, quality of life, and mortality in hemodialysis patients: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64: 86–94 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.01.014 PMID: 24529994
14. Lindsay RM, Heidenheim PA, Nesrallah G, et al. Minutes to recovery after a hemodialysis session: a simple health-related quality of life question that is reliable, valid, and sensitive to change. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 952–959 https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00040106 PMID: 17699312
15. Wong B, Collister D, Muneer M, et al. In-center nocturnal hemodialysis versus conventional hemodialy- sis: A systematic review of the evidence. Am J Kidney Dis 2017; 70: 218–234 https://doi.org/10.1053/j. ajkd.2017.01.047 PMID: 28359656
16. David S, Ku¨ mpers P, Eisenbach GM, et al. Prospective evaluation of an in-centre conversion from con- ventional haemodialysis to an intensified nocturnal strategy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 2232– 2240 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp029 PMID: 19208770
17. Ok E, Duman S, Asci G, et al. Comparison of 4- and 8-h dialysis sessions in thrice-weekly in-centre hae- modialysis: A prospective, case-controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 1287–1296 https:// doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq724 PMID: 21148270
18. Lacson E, Xu J, Suri RS, et al. Survival with three-times weekly in-center nocturnal versus conventional hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23: 687–695 https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2011070674 PMID: 22362905
19. Hishida M, Imaizumi T, Nishiyama T, et al. Survival benefit of maintained or increased body mass index in patients undergoing extended-hours hemodialysis without dietary restrictions. J Ren Nutr 2019; 30: 154–162 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2019.06.002 PMID: 31401040
20. Marshall MR. Intensive hemodialysis—keeping the faith. Kidney Int 2018; 93: 10–12 https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.kint.2017.09.014 PMID: 29291814
21. Inaguma D, Koide S, Takahashi K, et al. Relationship between history of coronary heart disease at dial- ysis initiation and onset of events associated with heart disease: a propensity-matched analysis of a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18: 79 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-017-0495-8 PMID: 28245790
22. Hishida M, Tamai H, Morinaga T, et al. Aichi cohort study of the prognosis in patients newly initiated into dialysis (AICOPP): baseline characteristics and trends observed in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 20: 795–807 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-015-1206-z PMID: 26905064
23. Kukita K, Ohira S, Amano I, et al. 2011 update Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Guidelines of Vascular Access Construction and Repair for Chronic Hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial 2015; 19: 1–39
24. Kaneda H, Kaneda F, Shimoyamada K, et al. Repeated femoral vein puncturing for maintenance hae- modialysis vascular access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1631–1638 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/ gfg205 PMID: 12897105
25. Charlson M. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47: 1245–1251 https:// doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(94)90129-5 PMID: 7722560
26. 2014 Summary of Static/Dynamic Surveys of Medical Institutions and Hospital Report: II Hospital Report. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/database/db-hss/dl/Hospital_Report_2014.pdf Accessed May 1, 2019.
27. Flythe JE, Kimmel SE, Brunelli SM. Rapid fluid removal during dialysis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Kidney Int 2011; 79: 250–257 https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.383 PMID: 20927040
28. Flythe JE, Xue H, Lynch KE, et al. Association of mortality risk with various definitions of intradialytic hypotension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26: 724–734 https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014020222 PMID: 25270068
29. Ghaffar U, Easom AK. A quality improvement project: Strategies to reduce intradialytic hypotension in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol News Issues 2015; 29: 30–34
30. Rocco M, Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Hemodialysis Ade- quacy: 2015 Update. Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 66: 884–930 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.07.015 PMID: 26498416
31. Fouque D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, et al. A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for pro- tein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 391–398 https://doi.org/ 10.1038/sj.ki.5002585 PMID: 18094682
32. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ikizler TA, Block G, et al. Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients: causes and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 864–881 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ajkd.2003.07.016 PMID: 14582032
33. Badve SV, Paul SK, Klein K, et al. The association between body mass index and mortality in incident dialysis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9: 114897
34. Chang TI, Ngo V, Streja E, et al. Association of body weight changes with mortality in incident hemodial- ysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32: 1549–1558 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw373 PMID: 27789782
35. Marcelli D, Brand K, Ponce P, et al. Longitudinal changes in body composition in patients after initiation of hemodialysis therapy: Results from an international cohort. J Ren Nutr 2016; 26: 72–80 https://doi. org/10.1053/j.jrn.2015.10.001 PMID: 26627050
36. Schaible UE, Kaufmann SHE. Malnutrition and infection: Complex mechanisms and global impacts. PLoS Med 2007; 4(5): e115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040115 PMID: 17472433
37. Kanda E, Kato A, Masakane I, et al. A new nutritional risk index for predicting mortality in hemodialysis patients: Nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2019; 14(3): e0214524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0214524 PMID: 30921398
38. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rhee CM, Amin AN. To Legitimize the Contentious Obesity Paradox. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2014; 89: 1033–1035 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.06.015 PMID: 25092364
39. Park J, Ahmadi S-F, Streja E et al. Obesity paradox in end-stage kidney disease patients. Prog. Cardio- vasc. Dis. 2014; 56: 415–25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.10.005 PMID: 24438733
40. Sarkar SR, Kuhlmann MK, Kotanko P et al. Metabolic consequences of body size and body composition in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2006; 70: 1832–1839 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5001895 PMID: 17021607
41. Fahal IH. Uraemic sarcopenia: Aetiology and implications. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2014; 29: 1655– 1665 https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gft070 PMID: 23625972
42. Leung AM, Kovesdy CP, Brent GA, et al. Updates on the management of diabetes in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 2014; 27: 135–145 https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12198 PMID: 24588802
43. Ramirez SPB, McCullough KP, Thumma JR, et al. Hemoglobin A(1c) levels and mortality in the diabetic hemodialysis population: findings from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 2527–2532 https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0573 PMID: 22912431
44. Ricks J, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP, et al. Glycemic control and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients with diabetes: A 6-year cohort study. Diabetes 2012; 61: 708–715 https://doi.org/10.2337/ db11-1015 PMID: 22315308
45. Itami N, Masakane I, Minakuchi J, et al. Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Clinical Guideline for “Maintenance Hemodialysis: Hemodialysis Prescriptions.” Ther Apher Dial 2015; 19: 67–92 https://doi. org/10.1111/1744-9987.12294 PMID: 25817933