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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to all the participants in this study and all the individuals involved in data

collection. The Japan Environment and Children’s Study was funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.

The findings and conclusions of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the

official views of the Ministry of the Environment.

Author contributions

Study concept and design: S.M. Statistical analyses: T.M. Drafting of the manuscript and approval of the final

content: K.N., S.M. and T.M. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors.

Manuscript review: all authors.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Supplementary information is available for this paper at https​://doi.org/10.1038/s4159​8-020-67852​-3.

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.M.

Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

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the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/.

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Consortia

The Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group

Michihiro Kamijima10, Shin Yamazaki11, Yukihiro Ohya12, Reiko Kishi13, Nobuo Yaegashi14,

Koichi Hashimoto15, Chisato Mori16, Shuichi Ito17, Zentaro Yamagata18, Hidekuni Inadera19,

Takeo Nakayama20, Hiroyasu Iso21, Masayuki Shima22, Youichi Kurozawa23, Narufumi

Suganuma24 & Takahiko Katoh25

10

Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho‑cho, Mizuho‑ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan. 11National Institute

for Environmental Studies, 16‑2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305‑8506, Japan. 12National Center for Child Health and

Development, 2‑10‑1 Okura, Setagaya‑ku, Tokyo 157‑8535, Japan. 13Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita‑ku,

Sapporo, Hokkaido 060‑0808, Japan. 14Tohoku University, 2‑1 Senryo‑machi, Aoba‑ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575,

Japan. 15Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga‑oka, Fukushima‑shi, Fukushima 960‑1295, Japan. 16Chiba

University, 1‑33 Yayoicho, Inage Ward, Chiba‑shi, Chiba 263‑8522, Japan. 17Yokohama City University, 3‑9 Fukuura,

Kanazawa‑ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236‑0027, Japan. 18University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo,

Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan. 19University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama‑shi, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan. 20Kyoto

University, Yoshida‑honmachi, Sakyo‑ku, Kyoto 606‑8501, Japan. 21Osaka University, 1‑1 Yamadaoka, Suita,

Osaka 565‑0871, Japan. 22Hyogo College of Medicine, 1‑1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan.

23

Tottori University, 86 Nishi‑cho, Yonago, Tottori 683‑8503, Japan. 24Kochi University, Okochokohasu, Nankoku,

Kochi 783‑8505, Japan. 25Kumamoto University, 1‑1‑1 Honjo, Chuo‑ku, Kumamoto 860‑8556, Japan.

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