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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to all the participants of this study and all individuals involved in data

collection. This work was inspired by other works supported by the RIKEN Healthcare and Medical Data Platform

Project and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Nos.: JP16H01880, JP16K13072, JP18H00994, JP18H03388).

Author contributions

Study conception and design: S.M. Statistical analyses: T.M. Drafting of the manuscript and approval of final

content: K.N., S.M., and T.M. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and manuscript review: K.N., T.M., S.M., M.O., K.K. (Kiyoko Kato), M.S. (Masafumi Sanefuji), E.S., M.T., M.S. (Masayuki

Shimono), T.K., S.O., K.K. (Koichi Kusuhara), and JECS group members.

Funding

The Japan Environment and Children’s Study was funded by the Ministry of Environment, Japan. The findings

and conclusions of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views

of the Ministry of the Environment.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

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Additional information

Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://​doi.​org/​

10.​1038/​s41598-​021-​87612-1.

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© The Author(s) 2021

the Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group

Michihiro Kamijima10, Shin Yamazaki11, Yukihiro Ohya12, Reiko Kishi13, Nobuo Yaegashi14,

Koichi Hashimoto15, Chisato Mori16, Shuichi Ito17, Zentaro Yamagata18, Hidekuni Inadera19,

Takeo Nakayama20, Hiroyasu Iso21, Masayuki Shima22, Youichi Kurozawa23, Narufumi

Suganuma24 & Takahiko Katoh25

10

Graduate School of Medical Sciences Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City

University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho‑cho, Mizuho‑ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan. 11National Institute for

Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan. 12National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.

13

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. 14Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. 15Fukushima Medical University,

Fukushima, Japan. 16Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 17Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. 18University

of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan. 19University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan. 20Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 21Osaka

University, Suita, Japan. 22Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan. 23Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.

24

Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan. 25Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.

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