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Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to all the participants of this study and all the individuals involved in
data collection. The idea of this work was obtained from other works supported by RIKEN Healthcare and
Medical Data Platform Project and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant numbers: JP16H01880, JP16K13072, JP18H00994,
JP18H03388).
Author contributions
Study conception and design: S.M. Statistical analyses: T.M. Drafting of the manuscript and approval of the initial
content: K.N., S.M., and T.M. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and manuscript review: K.N., T.M., S.M., M.O., K.K. (Kiyoko Kato), M.S. (Masafumi Sanefuji), E.S., M.T., M.S. (Masayuki
Shimono), T.K., S.O., K.K. (Koichi Kusuhara), and JECS Group members.
Funding
The Japan Environment and Children’s Study was funded by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The findings and conclusions of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official
views of the Ministry of the Environment.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/
10.1038/s41598-021-91271-7.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.M.
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© The Author(s) 2021
the Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group
Michihiro Kamijima10, Shin Yamazaki11, Yukihiro Ohya12, Reiko Kishi13, Nobuo Yaegashi14,
Koichi Hashimoto15, Chisato Mori16, Shuichi Ito17, Zentaro Yamagata18, Hidekuni Inadera19,
Takeo Nakayama20, Hiroyasu Iso21, Masayuki Shima22, Youichi Kurozawa23, Narufumi
Suganuma24 & Takahiko Katoh25
10
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City
University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho‑cho, Mizuho‑ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan. 11National Institute for
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Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan. 12National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
13
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. 14Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. 15Fukushima Medical University,
Fukushima, Japan. 16Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 17Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. 18University
of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan. 19University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan. 20Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 21Osaka
University, Suita, Japan. 22Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan. 23Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
24
Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan. 25Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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