Azimi, F., Scolyer, R.A., Rumcheva, P., Moncrieff, M., Murali, R., Mccarthy, S.W., Saw, R.P., and Thompson, J.F. (2012). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte grade is an independent predictor of sentinel lymph node status and survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 2678–2683.
Bai, C., Gao, S., Hu, S., Liu, X., Li, H., Dong, J., Huang, A., Zhu, L., Zhou, P., Li, S., and Shao, N. (2020). Self-assembled multivalent aptamer nanoparticles with potential CAR-like characteristics could activate T cells and inhibit melanoma growth. Mol. Ther. Oncolytics 17, 9–20.
Buck, M.D., O’sullivan, D., Klein Geltink, R.I., Curtis, J.D., Chang, C.H., Sanin, D.E., Qiu, J., Kretz, O., Braas, D., Van Der Windt, G.J., et al. (2016). Mitochondrial dynamics controls T cell fate through metabolic programming. Cell 166, 63–76.
Buck, M.D., Sowell, R.T., Kaech, S.M., and Pearce, E.L. (2017). Metabolic instruction of immunity. Cell 169, 570–586.
Chamoto, K., Chowdhury, P.S., Kumar, A., Sonomura, K., Matsuda, F., Fagarasan, S., and Honjo, T. (2017). Mitochondrial activation chemicals synergize with surface receptor PD-1 blockade for T cell-dependent antitumor activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 114, E761–E770.
Chamoto, K., Hatae, R., and Honjo, T. (2020). Current issues and perspectives in PD-1 blockade cancer immunotherapy. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 790–800. Choi, J.M., and Bothwell, A.L. (2012). The nuclear receptor PPARs as important regulators of T-cell functions and autoimmune diseases. Mol. Cells 33, 217–222.
Chowdhury, P.S., Chamoto, K., Kumar, A., and Honjo, T. (2018). PPARinduced fatty acid oxidation in T cells increases the number of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells and facilitates anti-PD-1 therapy. Cancer Immunol. Res. 6, 1375–1387.
Couzin-Frankel, J. (2013). Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. Science 342, 1432–1433.
Dancy, B.M., Crump, N.T., Peterson, D.J., Mukherjee, C., Bowers, E.M., Ahn, Y.-H., Yoshida, M., Zhang, J., Mahadevan, L.C., Meyers, D.J., et al. (2012). Live-cell studies of p300/CBP histone acetyltransferase activity and inhibition. ChemBioChem 13, 2113–2121.
Dervan, P.B., and Edelson, B.S. (2003). Recognition of the DNA minor groove by pyrrole-imidazole polyamides. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13, 284–299.
Dunn, G.P., Old, L.J., and Schreiber, R.D. (2004). The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunity 21, 137–148.
Fife, B.T., and Bluestone, J.A. (2008). Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. Immunol. Rev. 224, 166–182.
Fukasawa, A., Aoyama, T., Nagashima, T., Fukuda, N., Ueno, T., Sugiyama, H., Nagase, H., and Matsumoto, Y. (2009). Pharmacokinetics of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides after intravenous administration in rat. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 30, 81–89.
Gallagher, S.J., Shklovskaya, E., and Hersey, P. (2017). Epigenetic modulation in cancer immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 35, 48–56.
Han, L., Pandian, G.N., Chandran, A., Sato, S., Taniguchi, J., Kashiwazaki, G., Sawatani, Y., Hashiya, K., Bando, T., Xu, Y., et al. (2015). A synthetic DNAbinding domain guides distinct chromatin-modifying small molecules to activate an identical gene network. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 8700–8703.
Hatae, R., Chamoto, K., Kim, Y.H., Sonomura, K., Taneishi, K., Kawaguchi, S., Yoshida, H., Ozasa, H., Sakamori, Y., Akrami, M., et al. (2020). Combination of host immune metabolic biomarkers for the PD-1 blockade cancer immunotherapy. JCI Insight 5, e133501.
Hidaka, T., Tsubono, Y., Hashiya, K., Bando, T., Pandian, G.N., and Sugiyama, H. (2020). Enhanced nuclear accumulation of pyrrole–imidazole polyamides by incorporation of the tri-arginine vector. Chem. Commun. 56, 12371–12374.
Hiraoka, K., Inoue, T., Taylor, R.D., Watanabe, T., Koshikawa, N., Yoda, H., Shinohara, K.-I., Takatori, A., Sugimoto, H., Maru, Y., et al. (2015). Inhibition of KRAS codon 12 mutants using a novel DNA-alkylating pyrrole–imidazole polyamide conjugate. Nat. Commun. 6, 6706.
Idos, G.E., Kwok, J., Bonthala, N., Kysh, L., Gruber, S.B., and Qu, C. (2020). The prognostic implications of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 10, 3360.
Iwai, Y., Ishida, M., Tanaka, Y., Okazaki, T., Honjo, T., and Minato, N. (2002). Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 99, 12293–12297.
Juneja, V.R., Mcguire, K.A., Manguso, R.T., Lafleur, M.W., Collins, N., Haining, W.N., Freeman, G.J., and Sharpe, A.H. (2017). PD-L1 on tumor cells is sufficient for immune evasion in immunogenic tumors and inhibits CD8 T cell cytotoxicity. J. Exp. Med. 214, 895–904. Kobayashi, H., Hatakeyama, H., Nishimura, H., Yokota, M., Suzuki, S., Tomabechi, Y., Shirouzu, M., Osada, H., Mimaki, M., Goto, Y.-I., and Yoshida, M. (2021). Chemical reversal of abnormalities in cells carrying mitochondrial DNA mutations. Nat. Chem. Biol. 17, 335–343.
Kressler, D., Schreiber, S.N., Knutti, D., and Kralli, A. (2002). The PGC-1- related protein PERC is a selective coactivator of estrogen receptor alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13918–13925.
Kumar, A., and Chamoto, K. (2021). Immune metabolism in PD-1 blockadebased cancer immunotherapy. Int. Immunol. 33, 17–26.
Kumar, A., Chamoto, K., Chowdhury, P.S., and Honjo, T. (2020). Tumors attenuating the mitochondrial activity in T cells escape from PD-1 blockade therapy. eLife 9, e52330. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.52330.
Leach, D.R., Krummel, M.F., and Allison, J.P. (1996). Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade. Science 271, 1734–1736.
Lin, J., Handschin, C., and Spiegelman, B.M. (2005). Metabolic control through the PGC-1 family of transcription coactivators. Cell Metab. 1, 361–370.
Lin, J., Puigserver, P., Donovan, J., Tarr, P., and Spiegelman, B.M. (2002). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1beta (PGC1beta ), a novel PGC-1-related transcription coactivator associated with host cell factor. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1645–1648.
Mahmoud, S.M., Paish, E.C., Powe, D.G., Macmillan, R.D., Grainge, M.J., Lee, A.H., Ellis, I.O., and Green, A.R. (2011). Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 1949–1955.
Malinee, M., Kumar, A., Hidaka, T., Horie, M., Hasegawa, K., Pandian, G.N., and Sugiyama, H. (2020). Targeted suppression of metastasis regulatory transcription factor SOX2 in various cancer cell lines using a sequence-specific designer pyrrole-imidazole polyamide. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 28, 115248.
Pandian, G.N., Sato, S., Anandhakumar, C., Taniguchi, J., Takashima, K., Syed, J., Han, L., Saha, A., Bando, T., Nagase, H., and Sugiyama, H. (2014a). Identification of a small molecule that turns ON the pluripotency gene circuitry in human fibroblasts. ACS Chem. Biol. 9, 2729–2736.
Pandian, G.N., Taniguchi, J., Junetha, S., Sato, S., Han, L., Saha, A., Anandhakumar, C., Bando, T., Nagase, H., Vaijayanthi, T., et al. (2014b). Distinct DNA-based epigenetic switches trigger transcriptional activation of silent genes in human dermal fibroblasts. Sci. Rep. 4, 3843.
Patsoukis, N., Bardhan, K., Chatterjee, P., Sari, D., Liu, B., Bell, L.N., Karoly, E.D., Freeman, G.J., Petkova, V., Seth, P., et al. (2015). PD-1 alters T-cell metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Nat. Commun. 6, 6692.
Paumen, M.B., Ishida, Y., Han, H., Muramatsu, M., Eguchi, Y., Tsujimoto, Y., and Honjo, T. (1997). Direct interaction of the mitochondrial membrane protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase I with Bcl-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231, 523–525.
Pearce, E.L. (2010). Metabolism in T cell activation and differentiation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 22, 314–320.
Pearce, E.L., Walsh, M.C., Cejas, P.J., Harms, G.M., Shen, H., Wang, L.-S., Jones, R.G., and Choi, Y. (2009). Enhancing CD8 T-cell memory by modulating fatty acid metabolism. Nature 460, 103–107. 12 Cell Chemical Biology 29, 1–13, February 17, 2022
Please cite this article in press as: Malinee et al., Targeted epigenetic induction of mitochondrial biogenesis enhances antitumor immunity in mouse model, Cell Chemical Biology (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.001
Perianayagam, M.C., Madias, N.E., Pereira, B.J., and Jaber, B.L. (2006). CREB transcription factor modulates Bcl2 transcription in response to C5a in HL-60- derived neutrophils. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 36, 353–361.
Picca, A., and Lezza, A.M. (2015). Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis through TFAM-mitochondrial DNA interactions: useful insights from aging and calorie restriction studies. Mitochondrion 25, 67–75.
Puigserver, P., Wu, Z., Park, C.W., Graves, R., Wright, M., and Spiegelman, B.M. (1998). A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell 92, 829–839.
Refinetti, P., Warren, D., Morgenthaler, S., and Ekstrøm, P.O. (2017). Quantifying mitochondrial DNA copy number using robust regression to interpret real time PCR results. BMC Res. Notes 10, 593. Scharping, N.E., Menk, A.V., Moreci, R.S., Whetstone, R.D., Dadey, R.E., Watkins, S.C., Ferris, R.L., and Delgoffe, G.M. (2016). The tumor microenvironment represses T cell mitochondrial biogenesis to drive intratumoral T cell metabolic insufficiency and dysfunction. Immunity 45, 701–703.
Schroder, K., Hertzog, P.J., Ravasi, T., and Hume, D.A. (2004). Interferongamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 163–189.
Sena, L.A., Li, S., Jairaman, A., Prakriya, M., Ezponda, T., Hildeman, D.A., Wang, C.R., Schumacker, P.T., Licht, J.D., Perlman, H., et al. (2013). Mitochondria are required for antigen-specific T cell activation through reactive oxygen species signaling. Immunity 38, 225–236.
Shao, S., Xu, Q., Yu, X., Pan, R., and Chen, Y. (2020). Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and their potential immune modulatory functions. Pharmacol. Ther. 209, 107503.
St-Pierre, J., Lin, J., Krauss, S., Tarr, P.T., Yang, R., Newgard, C.B., and Spiegelman, B.M. (2003). Bioenergetic analysis of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma coactivators 1alpha and 1beta (PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta) in muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 26597–26603.
Synold, T.W., Xi, B., Wu, J., Yen, Y., Li, B.C., Yang, F., Phillips, J.W., Nickols, N.G., and Dervan, P.B. (2012). Single-dose pharmacokinetic and toxicity analysis of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides in mice. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 70, 617–625.
Takahashi, T., Asami, Y., Kitamura, E., Suzuki, T., Wang, X., Igarashi, J., Morohashi, A., Shinojima, Y., Kanou, H., Saito, K., et al. (2008). Development of pyrrole-imidazole polyamide for specific regulation of human aurora kinase-A and -B gene expression. Chem. Biol. 15, 829–841.
Taniguchi, J., Feng, Y., Pandian, G.N., Hashiya, F., Hidaka, T., Hashiya, K., Park, S., Bando, T., Ito, S., and Sugiyama, H. (2018). Biomimetic artificial epigenetic code for targeted acetylation of histones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 7108–7115.
Topalian, S.L., Drake, C.G., and Pardoll, D.M. (2015). Immune checkpoint blockade: a common denominator approach to cancer therapy. Cancer Cell 27, 450–461.
Turner, B.M. (1991). Histone acetylation and control of gene expression. J. Cell Sci. 99, 13–20.
Vaijayanthi, T., Bando, T., Pandian, G.N., and Sugiyama, H. (2012). Progress and prospects of pyrrole-imidazole polyamide–fluorophore conjugates as sequence-selective DNA probes. ChemBioChem 13, 2170–2185.
van der Windt, G.J., Everts, B., Chang, C.H., Curtis, J.D., Freitas, T.C., Amiel, E., Pearce, E.J., and Pearce, E.L. (2012). Mitochondrial respiratory capacity is a critical regulator of CD8+ T cell memory development. Immunity 36, 68–78.
van der Windt, G.J., O’sullivan, D., Everts, B., Huang, S.C., Buck, M.D., Curtis, J.D., Chang, C.H., Smith, A.M., Ai, T., Faubert, B., et al. (2013). CD8 memory T cells have a bioenergetic advantage that underlies their rapid recall ability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 110, 14336–14341.
van der Windt, G.J., and Pearce, E.L. (2012). Metabolic switching and fuel choice during T-cell differentiation and memory development. Immunol. Rev. 249, 27–42.
Verdone, L., Agricola, E., Caserta, M., and Di Mauro, E. (2006). Histone acetylation in gene regulation. Brief. Funct. Genomics 5, 209–221.
Villena, J.A., and Kralli, A. (2008). ERRalpha: a metabolic function for the oldest orphan. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 19, 269–276.
Wan, H., Xu, B., Zhu, N., and Ren, B. (2020). PGC-1a activator-induced fatty acid oxidation in tumor-infiltrating CTLs enhances effects of PD-1 blockade therapy in lung cancer. Tumori 106, 55–63.
Wang, Y., An, H., Liu, T., Qin, C., Sesaki, H., Guo, S., Radovick, S., Hussain, M., Maheshwari, A., Wondisford, F.E., et al. (2019). Metformin improves mitochondrial respiratory activity through activation of AMPK. Cell Rep. 29, 1511– 1523.e5.
Weinberg, S.E., Sena, L.A., and Chandel, N.S. (2015). Mitochondria in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity 42, 406–417.
Zhu, H., Bengsch, F., Svoronos, N., Rutkowski, M.R., Bitler, B.G., Allegrezza, M.J., Yokoyama, Y., Kossenkov, A.V., Bradner, J.E., Conejo-Garcia, J.R., and
Zhang, R. (2016). BET bromodomain inhibition promotes anti-tumor immunity by suppressing PD-L1 expression. Cell Rep. 16, 2829–2837.
Zou, W., Wolchok, J.D., and Chen, L. (2016). PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-1 pathway blockade for cancer therapy: mechanisms, response biomarkers, and combinations. Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 328rv4.
Zucconi, B.E., Luef, B., Xu, W., Henry, R.A., Nodelman, I.M., Bowman, G.D., Andrews, A.J., and Cole, P.A. (2016). Modulation of p300/CBP acetylation of nucleosomes by bromodomain ligand I-CBP112. Biochemistry 55, 3727–3734.