1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Philippine Statistics Authority. Causes of Deaths in the Philippines. Available online: https://psa.gov.ph/content/2022-causesdeaths-philippines-preliminary-31-january-2023 (accessed on 28 April 2023).
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2018. Available online: https://www.who.int/
publications/i/item/9789241514620 (accessed on 21 August 2023).
Tuangratananon, T.; Wangmo, S.; Widanapathirana, N.; Pongutta, S.; Viriyathorn, S.; Patcharanarumol, W.; Thin, K.; Nagpal, S.;
Nuevo, C.E.L.; Padmawati, R.S.; et al. Implementation of national action plans on noncommunicable diseases, Bhutan, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. Bull. World Health Organ 2019, 97, 129–141. [CrossRef]
Ezzati, M.; Pearson-Stuttard, J.; Bennett, J.E.; Mathers, C.D. Acting on non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income
tropical countries. Nature 2018, 559, 507–516. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pinlac, P.A.V.; Castillo, E.C.; Guevarra, J.P.; Escartin, I.C.; Caluag, M.E.I.; Granada, C.N.; Tagunicar, L.B.; Banda, A.D.; Go, J.J.L.;
Kim, J.K.; et al. The status of non-communicable disease prevention and control in the Philippines: A systematic Review. Acta
Medica Philipp. 2015, 49, 19–26. [CrossRef]
Healthcare 2023, 11, 2424
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
9 of 10
World Health Organization. Primary Health Care Measurement Framework and Indicators: Monitoring Health Systems through
a Primary Health Care Lens. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240044210 (accessed on 23
August 2023).
Varghese, C.; Nongkynrih, B.; Onakpoya, I.; McCall, M.; Barkley, S.; Collins, T.E. Better health and wellbeing for billion more
people: Integrating non-communicable diseases in primary care. BMJ 2019, 364, l327. [CrossRef]
Demaio, A.R.; Kragelund Nielsen, K.; Pinkowski Tersbøl, B.; Kallestrup, P.; Meyrowitsch, D.W. Primary Health Care: A strategic
framework for the prevention and control of chronic non-communicable disease. Glob. Health Action 2014, 7, 24504. [CrossRef]
Haque, M.; Islam, T.; Rahman, N.A.A.; McKimm, J.; Abdullah, A.; Dhingra, S. Strengthening Primary Health-Care Services to
Help Prevent and Control Long-Term (Chronic) Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Risk Manag.
Healthc. Policy 2020, 13, 409–426. [CrossRef]
Xiong, S.; Cai, C.; Jiang, W.; Ye, P.; Ma, Y.; Liu, H.; Li, B.; Zhang, X.; Wei, T.; Sun, H.; et al. Primary health care system responses
to non-communicable disease prevention and control: A scoping review of national policies in Mainland China since the 2009
health reform. Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac. 2022, 31, 100390. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
World Health Organization. WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care.
Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240009226 (accessed on 21 August 2023).
Adler, A.J.; Prabhakaran, D.; Bovet, P.; Kazi, D.S.; Mancia, G.; Mungal-Singh, V.; Poulter, N. Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality
Through Prevention and Management of Raised Blood Pressure: A World Heart Federation Roadmap. Glob. Heart 2015, 10,
111–122. [CrossRef]
Khatib, R.; Schwalm, J.D.; Yusuf, S.; Haynes, R.B.; McKee, M.; Khan, M.; Nieuwlaat, R. Patient and healthcare provider barriers to
hypertension awareness, treatment and follow up: A systematic review and meta-analysis of qualitative and quantitative studies.
PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e84238. [CrossRef]
Maimaris, W.; Paty, J.; Perel, P.; Legido-Quigley, H.; Balabanova, D.; Nieuwlaat, R.; McKee, M. The influence of health systems on
hypertension awareness, treatment, and control: A systematic literature review. PLoS Med. 2013, 10, e1001490. [CrossRef]
Department of Health. Administrative Order No. 2012–0029: Guidelines in the Institutionalization of the Philippine Package of
NCD (PhilPEN) Interventions in the Management of Hypertension and Diabetes in the Primary Health Care. Available online:
https://dmas.doh.gov.ph:8083/Rest/GetFile?id=336917 (accessed on 12 April 2023).
Sohn, K. Relationship of Smoking to Hypertension in a Developing Country. Glob. Heart 2018, 13, 285–292. [CrossRef]
Frank, S.M.; Webster, J.; McKenzie, B.; Geldsetzer, P.; Manne-Goehler, J.; Andall-Brereton, G.; Houehanou, C.; Houinato, D.;
Gurung, M.S.; Bicaba, B.W.; et al. Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables Among Individuals 15 Years and Older in 28 Low- and
Middle-Income Countries. J. Nutr. 2019, 149, 1252–1259. [CrossRef]
Yamaguchi, Y.; Tuliao, M.T.R.; Matsuo, H. Factors associated with the progression and prevention of noncommunicable diseases
in community-dwelling Filipino adults: A cross-sectional study. Medicine 2021, 100, e25082. [CrossRef]
Phillips, D.R. Primary health care in the Philippines: Banking on the barangays? Soc. Sci. Med. 1986, 23, 1105–1117. [CrossRef]
Mallari, E.; Lasco, G.; Sayman, D.J.; Amit, A.M.L.; Balabanova, D.; McKee, M.; Mendoza, J.; Palileo-Villanueva, L.; Renedo, A.;
Seguin, M.; et al. Connecting communities to primary care: A qualitative study on the roles, motivations and lived experiences of
community health workers in the Philippines. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2020, 20, 860. [CrossRef]
Olaniran, A.; Smith, H.; Unkels, R.; Bar-Zeev, S.; van den Broek, N. Who is a community health worker?—A systematic review of
definitions. Glob. Health Action 2017, 10, 1272223. [CrossRef]
Batalden, P. Getting more health from healthcare: Quality improvement must acknowledge patient coproduction—An essay by
Paul Batalden. BMJ 2018, 362, 46–48. [CrossRef]
Brandsen, T.; Steen, T.; Verschuere, B. Co-Production and Co-Creation: Engaging Citizens in Public Services; Taylor & Francis: New
York, NY, USA, 2018.
Gremyr, A.; Andersson Gäre, B.; Thor, J.; Elwyn, G.; Batalden, P.; Andersson, A.C. The role of co-production in Learning Health
Systems. Int. J. Qual. Health Care 2021, 33 (Suppl. 2), ii26–ii32. [CrossRef]
Braun, V.; Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 2006, 3, 77–101. [CrossRef]
O’Brien, B.C.; Harris, I.B.; Beckman, T.J.; Reed, D.A.; Cook, D.A. Standards for reporting qualitative research: A synthesis of
recommendations. Acad. Med. J. Assoc. Am. Med. Coll. 2014, 89, 1245–1251. [CrossRef]
Philippines Statistics Authority. Highlights of the Philippine Population 2020 Census of Population. Available online:
https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph (accessed on 21
February 2023).
Tanaka, C.; Tuliao, M.T.R.; Tanaka, E.; Yamashita, T.; Matsuo, H. A qualitative study on the stigma experienced by people with
mental health problems and epilepsy in the Philippines. BMC Psychiatry 2018, 18, 325. [CrossRef]
Dayrit, M.M.; Lagrada, L.P.; Picazo, O.F.; Pons, M.C.; Villaverde, M.C. The Philippines Health System Review. Health Systems in
Transition; World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia: New Delhi, India, 2018; Volume 8. Available online:
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274579 (accessed on 12 April 2023).
Palileo-Villanueva, L.M.; Palafox, B.; Amit, A.M.L.; Pepito, V.C.F.; Ab-Majid, F.; Ariffin, F.; Balabanova, D.; Isa, M.R.; Mat-Nasir, N.;
My, M.; et al. Prevalence, determinants and outcomes of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use for hypertension
among low-income households in Malaysia and the Philippines. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2022, 22, 252. [CrossRef]
Healthcare 2023, 11, 2424
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
10 of 10
Hosseinpoor, A.R.; Bergen, N.; Mendis, S.; Harper, S.; Verdes, E.; Kunst, A.; Chatterji, S. Socioeconomic inequality in the
prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: Results from the World Health Survey. BMC
Public Health 2012, 12, 474. [CrossRef]
Arokiasamy, P.; Uttamacharya, K.P.; Capistrant, B.D.; Gildner, T.E.; Thiele, E.; Biritwum, R.B.; Yawson, A.E.; Mensah, G.;
Maximova, T.; Wu, F.; et al. Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in 6 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Findings From Wave
1 of the World Health Organization’s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). Am. J. Epidemiol. 2017, 185, 414–428.
[CrossRef]
Vellakkal, S.; Millett, C.; Basu, S.; Khan, Z.; Aitsi-Selmi, A.; Stuckler, D.; Ebrahim, S. Are estimates of socioeconomic inequalities in
chronic disease artefactually narrowed by self-reported measures of prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries?
Findings from the WHO-SAGE survey. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2015, 69, 218–225. [CrossRef]
World Health Organization. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) WHO Fact Sheet. Available online: https://www.who.int/en/
news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc) (accessed on 20 February 2023).
Levesque, J.F.; Harris, M.F.; Russell, G. Patient-centred access to health care: Conceptualising access at the interface of health
systems and populations. Int. J. Equity Health 2013, 12, 18. [CrossRef]
Royston, G.; Pakenham-Walsh, N.; Zielinski, C. Universal access to essential health information: Accelerating progress towards
universal health coverage and other SDG health targets. BMJ Glob. Health 2020, 5, e002475. [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
...