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The nature of Lyα emitters : SFR, stellar mass, and dark matter halo mass

日下部, 晴香 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002001884

2021.10.04

概要

Low-mass galaxies in the past Universe are “building blocks” of present-day galaxies in terms of hierarchical structure formation. It means that they play a key role in galaxy formation and evolution. One of the most representative high-z low-mass galaxies are Lyα emitters (LAEs), which are characterized by strong Lyα emission. Thanks to remarkable progress in observations and intensive studies, LAEs are found to have low stellar masses(M⋆ ≲ 109 M⊙) and to reside in low-mass dark matter halos (Mh ∼ 1010–1012 M⊙).They are also confirmed to have spatially extended diffuse Lyα emission, called Lyα halos(LAHs), which are not negligible because they are as bright as the central Lyα emission.However, since their Mh, SFR, M⋆, and LAH luminosities have not been estimated at the same time with a high enough accuracy to place them in the framework of hierarchicalstructure formation, we still have two basic unknowns: (1) the star forming activity of LAEs: star formation mode, stellar to halo mass ratio (M⋆/Mh, SHMR), and baryon con- version efficiency (SFR/baryon accretion rate, BCE) and (2) the origin of LAHs of LAEs,whose candidates are the cold streams (gravitational cooling), satellite star formation, and resonant scattering in the circum-galactic medium (CGM). The properties such as Mh,SFR, M⋆, and LAH luminosities can be most reliably measured at z ∼ 2. This is becausethis redshift is high enough to conduct a wide-field LAE survey with ground-based tele-scopes, which is critical for measuring Mh and LAH properties from clustering analysis and stacked NB images, respectively. Another reason is that deep mid-infrared (MIR) and far-infrared (FIR) data are available to investigate the amount of dust attenuation(A1600) and thus SFR as well as an appropriate dust attenuation curve. Deep rest-frame near-infrared (NIR) photometry is also possible, which is essential to derive M⋆ from SED fitting.

In this thesis, we use 1248 narrow-band-selected LAEs at z ∼ 2 from four deep survey fields with a total area of ≃ 1 deg . Among them, 213 LAEs with deep MIR/FIR data areused to measure the dust emission of LAEs and to obtain an appropriate dust attenuation curve. We perform SED fitting to stacked imaging data of LAEs to measure stellarpopulation parameters including SFR, A1600, and M⋆, while we derive Mh from clusteringanalysis. We divide 891 LAEs in two fields with deep broadband data into subsamples to discuss the origin of LAHs. We investigate star formation mode (or SFR–M⋆ relation), SHMR, BCE, and the relation between LAH luminosity and mass to discuss the origin ofstar forming activity and the origin of LAHs of LAEs.

We find that the stacked LAEs have the 3σ IR luminosity L3σ = 1.1 × 1010L⊙ andA1600 = 0.9 mag, preferring an SMC-like attenuation curve. We perform SED fitting withan assumption of an SMC-like attenuation curve. The mean of each stellar parameter over the four fields is: M⋆ = 10.2 ± 1.8 × 108 M⊙, A1600 = 0.6 ± 0.1 mag, Age=3.8 ± 0.3 × 10 yr, and SFR= 3.4 ± 0.4 M⊙ yr for LAEs with NB387 ≤ 25.5 mag.They are found to be located near an extrapolation of the consensus relation of IRX–M⋆,where IRX is an indicator of dustiness and is defined as the ratio of infrared luminosityto ultraviolet (UV) luminosity. They are also found to be normal star forming galaxies lying on the star formation main sequence (the average SFR–M⋆ relation of star forming galaxies).

From clustering analysis, we find that the same LAE sample with NB387 ≤ 25.5 mag has an effective bias of 1.22+0.16. We derive an average dark matter halo mass, Mh ∼ 4.0+5.1 × 1010 M⊙, from the effective bias. Combining the Mh, M⋆, and SFR,our LAEs are suggested to lie above a simple lower-mass extrapolation of the averageM⋆–Mh and BCE–Mh relations with SHMR = 0.02+0.07 and BCE = 1.6+6.0. Thus,our LAEs have been converting baryons into stars more efficiently than average galaxieswith similar Mh both in the past and at the observed epoch but with a moderate star formation similar to average galaxies. Galaxies with weak SN feedback or small halos’ spin parameters possibly have such properties according to a semi-analytic model. The obtained Mh also suggests that at z = 0 our LAEs are embedded in dark matter halos with a median halo mass similar to the mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) from the extended Press-Schehter model. If their star-formation is largely suppressed after the observed time until z = 0 similar to the star-formation history of the LMC, they would have a similar SHMR to the present-day LMC.

With regard to LAHs, we find that ten LAE subsamples divided in accordance with UV, Lyα, K-band properties have similar LAH luminosities, L(Lyα)H ∼ 2 × 1042 erg s−1,and total Lyα luminosities, L(Lyα)tot ∼ 2 × 1042–4 × 1042 erg s−1. Their L(Lyα)H andL(Lyα)tot remain almost unchanged or even decrease when M⋆ increases by factor 2–5. They are also nearly independent of SFR, E(B −V )⋆, and Mh, although the uncertaintiesin Mh are large. We also find that Hα emitters in Matthee et al. (2016) also have non- increasing L(Lyα)H and L(Lyα)tot. These results are inconsistent with the cold stream scenario and the satellite star formation scenario both of which predict a nearly linear scaling of L(Lyα)H with mass and a relatively low L(Lyα)H. The most likely is the res- onant scattering scenario because it can naturally explain these results as well as a weakpositive correlation between M⋆ and L(Lyα)H/L(Lyα)tot, where L(Lyα)H/L(Lyα)tot in-dicates the efficiency of resonant scattering in the CGM. We also discuss the origin ofbright observable Lyα emission of LAEs (i.e., high Lyα escape fraction) considering all the results obtained in this work.

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