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Table 1. Comparisons of growth and relative growth rate (RGR) for height and diameter at breast
heigh (DBH) in trees from 2013 to 2016, including mean values, standard errors, and the results
of linear mixed model analysis for three provenances (Yaku, Yanase, and Yoshino) of Cryptomeria
japonica. Gh: growth rate for height, Gr: growth rate for DBH, RGRh: relative growth rate for
height, RGRr: relative growth rate for DBH.
Gh
Gr
RGRh
RGRr
Unit
cm yr–1
mm yr–1
10–3 yr–1
10–3 yr–1
Yaku
5.6 (1.6) b
0.36 (0.11) b
6.08 (1.76) b
2.70 (0.80) c
Yanase
20.5 (6.1) a
1.00 (0.29) a
10.72 (3.16) a
5.60 (1.62) a
Yoshino
15.1 (4.5) a
0.95 (0.28) a
9.12 (2.72) ab
3.92 (1.14) b
Different letters indicate significant differences between parameters among provenances (p <
0.05).
47
Table 2. Comparisons of leaf, stem, and whole-tree traits among three provenances of Cryptomeria. japonica, including mean values, standard errors,
and results of one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test.
Cultivars of C. japonica
Trait
Symbol
Unit
Yaku
Yanase
CD
3.18 (0.89) b
10.89 (1.23) a
Ratio of crown depth to tree height
RCD
m m–1
0.27 (0.09)
Total branch cross-sectional area per stem volume
TBA
cm2 m–3
Sapwood density
WD
ΨTL
Yoshino
p value
Tree structures
Crown depth
7.53 (0.80) ab
0.012
0.52 (0.08)
0.36 (0.05)
0.142
929 (170) a
594 (36) ab
439 (46) b
0.021
g cm–3
0.39 (0.01) a
0.34 (0.01) b
0.33 (0.01) b
< 0.001
MPa
–1.14 (0.09)
–1.33 (0.06)
–1.31 (0.06)
0.182
Whole-tree hydraulic architecture
Daytime water potential of treetop leaves
48
Daytime water potential of lowest-crown leaves
ΨLL
MPa
–1.05 (0.10)
–1.20 (0.10)
–1.24 (0.04)
0.322
Daytime water potential of fine-roots 1
ΨR
MPa
–0.34 (0.08)
–0.20 (0.06)
–0.19 (0.01)
0.146
MPa
0.80 (0.13)
1.13 (0.12)
1.12 (0.05)
0.113
Kap
kg m–2 s–1 MPa–1
1.19 (0.06) a
0.68 (0.02) b
0.63 (0.04) b
< 0.001
Ep
kg m–2 s–1
0.93 (0.13)
0.77 (0.05)
0.71 (0.06)
0.278
Osmotic potential at turgor loss 1
Ψtlp
MPa
–2.08 (0.20)
–1.64 (0.17)
–2.06 (0.13)
0.430
Osmotic potential at saturation 1
Ψsat
MPa
–1.43 (0.08)
–1.09 (0.26)
–1.45 (0.02)
0.731
RWCtlp
gH2O gH2O–1
0.76 (0.03)
0.76 (0.01)
0.69 (0.02)
0.068
ΨR –
Water potential difference between root and treetop
ΨTL
Axial variation-weighted potential specific xylem
conductance
Potential transpiration rate per unit sapwood area
Leaf water relations
Relative water content at turgor loss
49
Leaf hydraulic capacitance
CL
mol m–2 MPa–1
1.52 (0.22)
1.85 (0.30)
1.94 (0.24)
0.524
Leaf succulence
SL
gH2O m–2
204 (38)
228 (23)
241 (25)
0.687
Leaf dry mass per area ratio 1
LMA
g m–2
411 (36)
321 (1)
385 (40)
0.061
Shoot silhouette area to projected leaf area ratio 1
SPAR
m2 m–2
0.64 (0.01)
0.68 (0.03)
0.74 (0.05)
0.113
Pmax
μmol CO2 m–2 s–1
3.56 (0.26)
3.17 (0.28)
4.05 (0.14)
0.095
nmol CO2 g–1 s–1
8.69 (0.14)
9.87 (0.84)
10.76 (1.28)
0.319
Leaf morphology
Leaf photosynthesis
Maximum net photosynthetic rate
Maximum net photosynthetic rate per leaf dry mass Pmax_mass
Dark respiration rate 1
μmol CO2 m–2 s–1
0.62 (0.02)
0.48 (0.09)
0.80 (0.09)
0.042
Light compensation point 1
LC
μmol PPFD m–2 s–1
21.5 (1.1)
12.5 (4.9)
46.7 (12.9)
0.053
Stable carbon isotope ratio
δ13C
–28.8 (0.27)
–29.7 (0.21)
–29.5 (0.33)
0.054
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Dry-mass based carbon concentration 1
Cmass
54.0 (0.24)
53.3 (0.35)
53.2 (0.47)
0.200
Dry-mass based nitrogen concentration
Nmass
1.10 (0.04)
1.28 (0.06)
1.21 (0.07)
0.111
Significant differences between provenances are denoted by different letters (Tukey’s HSD or Steel–Dwass test, p < 0.05)
Differences in means among provenances were examined by Kruskal–Wallis test.
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Table 3. Estimation of slopes (β) and intercepts (α) for the relationships between log10transformed distance from tree apex (L) and hydraulically-weighted tracheid diameter (Dh) based
on the linear mixed models for three provenances (Yaku, Yanase, and Yoshino) of Cryptomeria
japonica.
Slope (β)
Intercept (α)
Yaku
0.070 (0.016) b
1.354 (0.012) a
Yanase
0.171 (0.023) a
1.272 (0.021) b
Yoshino
0.130 (0.022) a
1.292 (0.019) b
Values in parentheses represent standard errors.
Different letters indicate significant differences in parameters among provenances (p < 0.05).
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Figure 1. Location (latitude and longitude), mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation
of the common garden of the present study (Wakayama Experimental Forest) and the native habitats
of three provenances (Yoshino, Yanase, and Yaku). The location of the native habitats of three
provenances shows the source location of each sapling planted in the common garden. The mean
annual temperature and precipitation were calculated from observations from 1985 to 2019 at the
nearest Japan Meteorological Agency weather station to that location.
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Figure 2. Optical microscopic images of stained transverse sections of the xylem at the stem tips (a,
c, e) and bases (b, d, f) of three provenances of Cryptomeria japonica: Yaku (a, b), Yanase (c, d), and
Yoshino (e, f). All images are at the same magnification (bar = 500 µm). The pith is on the right side
in each image.
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Figure 3. (a) Scaling relationships between log10-transformed hydraulically-weighted tracheid
diameter (Dh) and distance from tree apex (L) for three provenances (Yaku, Yanase, and Yoshino) of
Cryptomeria japonica. Solid, dashed, and dotted lines indicate the trends for Yaku, Yanase, and
Yoshino, respectively. On average, the provenance with a steeper slope (β) had a longer crown depth
(CD) (R2 = 0.999, p = 0.021, n = 3). (b) The same data in non-transfomed axes. The vertical solid,
dashed, and dotted lines indicate the aveage CD (see also Table 1) for Yaku, Yanase, and Yoshino,
respectively. Each symbol is a composite of multiple individuals (n = 3 for each provenance).
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