リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる 「暑熱気候におけるaffordableな冷却手法としてのパッシブ蒸発手法の開発に関する研究」の論文概要。リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。
リケラボ

コピーが完了しました

URLをコピーしました

論文の公開元へ論文の公開元へ
書き出し

暑熱気候におけるaffordableな冷却手法としてのパッシブ蒸発手法の開発に関する研究

ナヤック, アジャヤケタン NAYAK, AJAYAKETAN 九州大学

2020.09.25

概要

In the 21st century, rapid urbanization and rising technological advancement have led to a huge increase in energy consumption. Rapidly growing energy demand worldwide has increased concern over depletion of conventional energy sources, increase of energy cost as well as associated adverse social and environmental impact such as global warming, climate change, ozone depletion, etc. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the building sector is the second largest energy-consuming sector after industries. A large part of energy in buildings is consumed for space cooling. Conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems used for space cooling consume a huge amount of electrical energy and also responsible for harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, to mitigate this rising energy consumption and corresponding environmental hazards, researchers and building energy engineers are aiming towards passive techniques for space cooling. Passive evaporative cooling is one of the most effective and ancient passive techniques to cool a building by spraying water over the roof or walls. Its simplicity and low cost make it suitable for economically lower class people who can’t accommodate expensive passive techniques. Besides, in several developing countries such as India, many people still belong to an economically lower class who can’t afford to buy an air conditioner during harsh summer conditions. The low-cost buildings of these people also lack proper architectural standards such as insulation, shading, glazing, etc to be protected from direct heat gain. An inexpensive technique like passive evaporative cooling can be the best alternative for space cooling in such types of buildings. Therefore, keeping in mind both the energy crisis and low-cost alternative of space cooling this thesis aims to develop an efficient passive evaporative cooling technology that can be used to improve the thermal comfort condition of low-cost houses of India.

In the first chapter background study about passive cooling and its need in India is carried out. The objectives of the thesis are outlined.

The second chapter provides a summary of various passive cooling techniques employed to mitigate the thermal load and increase the thermal comfort of the buildings. The past and recent research on passive evaporative cooling are reviewed thoroughly. The advantages and challenges of passive evaporative cooling are studied through case studies. It is concluded that the main problem associated with passive evaporative cooling is the heavy water consumption, which causes concern for its use in arid or semi-arid regions. Secondly, there are no proper guidelines in terms of water requirement or spray rate to implement the roof spray cooling technique in different climatic zones. Also, there is a lack of proper simulation tool to evaluate the performance of passive evaporative cooling before recommending it to any type of building or any type of climatic region.

At the beginning of the third chapter, the thermal modeling techniques of passive evaporative cooling are reviewed. It is observed that the existing methods of modeling heat and mass transfer from the wet roof are of two types. In one approach simultaneous heat and mass transfer are considered through the whole roof slab, which makes this method very complex and computationally expensive. Another method models the evaporative heat transfer from the wet roof surface in a similar way like heat transfer from the water surface by assuming the roof to be always completely wet, which is rather unrealistic. Therefore in this study, a simple numerical model is developed based on the field measurement done previously by Koji Tsukimatsu (2001), in which the transient evaporation from the wet roof just after the water spray is expressed as a function of dynamic variation of moisture content of the roof surface layer. This model is validated against the results of the previous experimental data. Numerical simulation is then carried out using this new model to investigate the effect of roof spray evaporative cooling. It is concluded that a low spray rate as 0.125kg/min.m2 is enough to cool a building with concrete or asphalt sheet roofing, as the excess amount of water beyond the water holding capacity of roof material will be just wasted.

The fourth chapter is devoted to the development of a new simulation tool based on the numerical model developed in chapter 3 to analyze passive evaporative cooling. At first, it addresses the limitations of the existing building energy simulation tools such as TRNSYS to model passive evaporative cooling. Then a new simulation tool has been developed combining MATLAB and TRNSYS utilizing the concept of ‘wrapper’ or ‘adaptor’. The performance of this new simulation tool is then tested by comparing it with the original TRNSYS model for a dry roof condition. Finally, the application of this new simulation tool has been explained with a case study of New Delhi, India.

Chapter 5 carries out the Sensitivity analysis of the developed intermittent roof spray cooling technique in low-cost houses of India through numerical experiments. First, eight major metropolitan cities of India are selected for the case study based on the population and the number of low-cost houses. Next, the annual thermal load of a simple low-cost building located in the climatic condition of these cities is estimated using the new simulation tool. Then the effectiveness of the roof spray cooling technique in all the cities has been analyzed in terms of reduction in discomfort degree hours. The regression equations have been then developed to estimate the daily water consumption from the data of daily average ambient temperature depending upon the climatic condition. The results of this chapter serve as a guideline in terms of water requirements and the number of water sprays needed per day to implement the roof spray cooling for the climatic condition of any Indian city.

In chapter six, the field experiment is carried out to validate the low flow rate established in the third chapter, and the results predicted by simulation in the fourth chapter. A water supply system with an ordinary low-cost irrigation pipe to provide a stable flow of water at a low flow rate is installed. The minimum flow rate possible by the pipe is measured manually to be 0.18kg/min. The evaporative cooling effect of this low flow rate on a calcium silicate board which is widely used as a building material is investigated experimentally. The whole surface temperature before, during, and after the water, the spray is measured using an infrared camera at regular intervals. It is concluded that this low flow rate is sufficient to cool the surface effectively and uniformly. Therefore, roof spray evaporative cooling can be effectively implemented in arid or semi-arid climates, where water supply is limited.
In the seventh chapter results of each chapter are summarized and future recommendations are outlined.

論文の公開元へ

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

関連論文をもっと見る

参考文献

References

[1.1] British Petroleum, Statistical Review of World Energy. http://www.bp.com (accessed 5th March 2019).

[1.2] International Energy Agency, International Energy Agency. http://www.iea.org (accessed 5th March 2019).

[1.3] Key world energy statistics, International Energy Agency, (accessed 5th March 2019).

[1.4] https://www.iea.org/reports/heating

[1.5] https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling

[1.6] Gladstone Rick. India will be the most populous country sooner than thought, U.N. Says. The New York Times.〈https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/ India-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html?_r=1〉; 29 July 2015 [accessed 12.05.17].

[1.7] 〈http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-beats-majorecos- in-energy-demand-growth/articleshow/47621066.cms〉.

[1.8] 〈https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India〉, as on 11.02.2016.

[1.9] Sathish Kumar. Collaboration and Partnerships in Implementing Energy Efficiency Programs in India, Experiences from the ECO-III Project. July. httpp://www.eco3.org; 2010.

[1.10] A report on ‘Executive Summary – Power Sector. Government of India, Ministry of Power. New Delhi, India: Central Electricity Authority; 2014.

[1.11] 〈www.slideshare.net/mathangi_advit/ecbc-training energy-efficiency-initiatives in-commercial-buildings/〉.

[1.12] Rawal R, Shukla Y. ‘Residential buildings in India: Energy use projections and savings potentials. A report by Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology’ (CEPT) University and Global Buildings Performance Network (GBPN), September; 2014.

[1.13] National Building Code of India 2005, Published by Bureau of Indian Standards, India.〈https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.sp.7.2005.pdf〉; 2005.

[1.14] Attri SD, Tyagi A. A report on ‘Climatic Profile of India. India Meteorological Department; 2010.

[1.15] Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide. Published by Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India, July; 2009.

[1.16] A report on Residential buildings in India: Energy use projections and saving potentials, September 2014. www.gbpn.org.

[1.17] World air conditioner demand by region, Technical report by The Japan Refrigeration and air-conditioning industry association, accessed in June 2019

[1.18] A report on ‘Cooling India with Less Warming: The Business Case for Phasing Down HFCs in Room and Vehicle Air Conditioners. Published by Natural Resources Defence Council, July 2013.

[1.19] 〈https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions〉.

[1.20] A report on ‘India’s GHG Emissions Profile, Results of Five Climate Modelling Studies', Published by Climate Modelling Forum. India: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India; 2009.

[1.21] A report on ‘An Assessment of India’s 2020 carbon intensity target’, Report GR4, April 2012.

[1.22] Arora M, Goel NK, Singh P. Evaluation of temperature trends over India. Hydrol Sci J 2005;50:81–93.

[1.23] Nitin Bharti and Lucas Chancel, Tackling inequality in India: Is the 2019 election campaign up to the challenge?, WID. world Issue Brief 2019/2

[1.24] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_India#cite_note-1

[1.25] https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-census-1-in-6-india-city-residents-lives-in-slums-2013mar22

[1.26] N.A.M. Al-Tamimi, S.F.S. Fadzil, et.W.M.W. Harun, The effects of orientation, ventilation, and varied WWR on the thermal performance of residential rooms in the tropics, J. Sustainable Dev. 4 (2) (2011) 142.

[1.27] Klaus-Peter Gast, Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India, Walter de Gruyter publication, March 2007

[1.28] S. Bose, Climate and urban design responsive modern architecture in existing setting, Bonfring Int. J. Ind. Eng. Manage. Sci. 2 (4) (2012) 62–67.

[1.29] Christopher Tadgell, The history of architecture in India: From the dawn of civilization to the end of the Raj, Architecture, Design, and Technology Press (1990)

[1.30] P.K. Latha, Y. Darshana, et.V. Venugopal, Role of building material in thermal comfort in tropical climates—a review, J. Build. Eng. 3 (2015) 104–113.

[1.31] N.M. Nahar, P. Sharma, M.M. Purohit, Performance of different passive techniques for cooling of buildings in arid regions, Build. Environ. 38 (2003) 109–116.

[1.32] Naveen Kishore, Khambadkone, Rekha Jain, A bioclimatic analysis tool for investigation of the potential of passive cooling and heating strategies in a composite Indian climate, Building and Environment, 123, 2017, 469-493

[1.33] Suk-Jin Jung & Seong-Hwan Yoon, A Study on Passive Cooling Methods by Evaporation and Solar Reflection on Rooftops in a Temperate Climate Region, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2011

[1.34] N.M. Nahar, P. Sharma, M.M. Purohit, Studies on solar passive cooling techniques for arid areas, Energy Conversion & Management 40 (1999) 89-95

[1.35] Dilip Jain, Modeling of solar passive techniques for roof cooling in arid regions, Building and Environment 41 (2006) 277–287

[1.36] S. Melero, I. Morgado, F.J. Neila, C. Acha, Passive evaporative cooling by porous ceramic elements integrated in a trombe wall, PLEA 2011 - Architecture and sustainable development, conference proceedings of the 27th international conference on passive and low energy architecture, 2011, pp. 267–272.

References

[2.1] Cook, J. (ed.), 1989: Passive Cooling. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.

[2.2] Givoni, B., 1976: Man, Climate and Architecture, second ed. Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London.

[2.3] Bay, J.-H. and B.-L. Ong (eds.), 2006: Tropical Sustainable Architecture: Social and Environmental Dimensions. Architectural Press, Oxford.

[2.4] Bauer, M., P. Mösle, and M. Schwarz, 2010: Green Building – Guidebook for Sustainable Architecture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg.

[2.5] M. Santamouris, D. Asimakopoulos, Passive Cooling of Buildings, Earthscan, 1996 -Technology & Engineering, James and James (Science publishers limited)

[2.6] M. Santamouris, D. Kolokotsa, Passive cooling dissipation techniques for buildings and other structures: the state of the art, Energy Build. 57 (2013) 74–94

[2.7] I.Hernández-Pérez,J.Xamán,E.V.Macías-Melo,K.M.Aguilar-Castro,I.Zavala-Guillén, I.Hernández-López, E.Simá, Experimental thermal evaluation of building roofs with conventional and reflective coatings, Energy and Buildings 158 (2018), 569-579

[2.8] J..P.Brito Filho, T.V. OliveiraSantos, Thermal analysis of roofs with a thermal insulation layer and reflective coatings in subtropical and equatorial climate regions in Brazil, Energy and Buildings 84 (2014), 466-474

[2.9] H. Manz, On minimizing heat transport in architectural glazing, Renewable Energy 33 (2008) 119–128,

[2.10] P.C. Eames, Vacuum glazing: current performance and future prospects, Vacuum 82 (2008) 717–722,

[2.11] R. Baetens, B.P. Jelle, A. Gustavsen, Aerogel insulation for building applications: a state-of-the-art review, Energy and Buildings 43 (2011) 761–769,

[2.12] E. Cuce, Toward multi-functional PV glazing technologies in low/zero carbon buildings: heat insulation solar glass - latest developments and future prospects, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60 (2016) 1286–1301,

[2.13] M.M. Tahmasebi, S. Banihashemi, M.S. Hassanabadi, Assessment of the various impacts of the window on energy consumption and carbon footprint, Proceedia Engineering. 21 (2011) 820–828,

[2.14] U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Passive Solar Home Design, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). http://energy.gov/energysaver/passive- solar- home- design.

[2.15] S. Cho, K.-S. Shin, M. Zaheer-Uddin, the Effect of Slat Angle of Windows With Venetian, Energy 20 (1995) 1225–1236.

[2.16] L.G. Valladares-Rendón, G. Schmid, S.L. Lo, Review on energy savings by solar control techniques and optimal building orientation for the strategic placement of façade shading systems, Energy and Buildings 140 (2017) 458–479,

[2.17] H.H. Saber, W. Maref, M.C. Swinton, C. St-Onge, Thermal analysis of above-grade wall assembly with low emissivity materials and furred airspace, Build Environ, 46 (2011), pp. 1403-1414

[2.18] JiandongRan, MingfangTang, Passive cooling of the green roofs combined with night- time ventilation and walls insulation in hot and humid regions, Sustainable Cities and Society38(2018), 466-475

[2.19] Modeste KameniNematchouaa, Jean Christophe, Application of phase change materials, thermal insulation, and external shading for thermal comfort improvement and cooling energy demand reduction in an office building under different coastal tropical climates, Solar Energy 207(1) (2020), 458-470

[2.20] L. Navarro, A. de Gracia, D. Niall, A. Castell, M. Browne, S.J. McCormack, et al., Thermal energy storage in building integrated thermal systems: a review. Part 2. Integration as passive system, Renewable Energy 85 (2016) 1334–1356,

[2.21] J. Kosny, T. Petrie, D. Gawain, P. Childs, A. Desjarlais, J. Christian, Thermal mass-energy savings potential in residential buildings, ORNL (2001) 25.

[2.22] T.Kuczyński, A.Staszczuk, Experimental study of the influence of thermal mass on thermal comfort and cooling energy demand in residential buildings, Energy 195(2020), 116984

[2.23] A. Sharifi, Y. Yamagata, Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: a systematic review, Appl. Energy 160 (2015) 336–357,

[2.24] A. Spanaki, T. Tsoutsos, D. Kolokotsa, On the selection and design of the proper roof pond variant for passive cooling purposes, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 3523–3533,

[2.25] S.P. Singh, V. Bhat, Performance evaluation of dual-phase change material gypsum board for the reduction of temperature swings in a building prototype in composite climate, Energy Build. 159 (2018) 191–200

[2.26] F. Kuznik, J. Virgone, J.J. Roux, Energetic efficiency of room wall contain- ing PCM wallboard: a full-scale experimental investigation, Energy Build. 40 (2008) 148–156

[2.27] R. Daghigh, Assessing the thermal comfort and ventilation in Malaysia and the surrounding regions, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 48 (2015) 682–691,

[2.28] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, New York, USA, 2009.

[2.29] M. Santamouris, D. Asimakopoulos, Passive cooling of the buildings, Science (1996).

[2.30] Mhshermanlblgov MHS, Building Airtightness: Research and Practice, 2016.

[2.31] C.M. Mak, J.L. Niu, C.T. Lee, K.F. Chan, A numerical simulation of wing walls using computational fluid dynamics, Energy Build. 39 (2007) 995–1002,

[2.32] J.I. Montero, G.R. Hunt, R. Kamaruddin, A. Antón, B.J. Bailey, Effect of ventilator configuration on wind-driven ventilation in a crop protection structure for the tropics, J. Agric. Eng. Res. 80 (2001) 99–107,

[2.33] M. Ismail, A.M. Abdul Rahman, Comparison of different hybrid turbine ventilator (HTV) application strategies to improve indoor thermal comfort, Int. J. Environ. Res. 4 (2010) 297–308.

[2.34] C.F. Gao, W.L. Lee, Evaluating the influence of openings configuration on natural ventilation performance of residential units in Hong Kong, Build. Environ. 46 (2011) 961–969,

[2.35] H. Shetabivash, Investigation of opening position and shape on the natural cross ventilation, Energy Build. 93 (2015) 1–15,

[2.36] P. Prajongsan, S. Sharples, Enhancing natural ventilation, thermal comfort, and energy savings in high-rise residential buildings in Bangkok through the use of ventilation shafts, Build. Environ. 50 (2012) 104–113,

[2.37] E. Bacharoudis, M.G. Vrachopoulos, M.K. Koukou, D. Margaris, A.E. Fil- ios, S.A. Mavrommatis, Study of the natural convection phenomena inside a wall solar chimney with one wall adiabatic and one wall under a heat flux, Appl. Therm. Eng. 27 (2007) 2266–2275

[2.38] N. Monghasemi, A. Vadiee, A review of solar chimney integrated systems for space heating and cooling application, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81 (2018) 2714–2730

[2.39] A .P. Raman, M.A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Refaeli, S. Fan, Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight, Nature 515 (2014) 540–544

[2.40] R. Family, M.P. Mengüç, Materials for radiative cooling: a review, Procedia Environmental Science 38 (2017) 752–759

[2.41] K. Panchabikesan, K. Vellaisamy, V. Ramalingam, Passive cooling potential in buildings under various climatic conditions in India, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 78 (2017) 1236–1252

[2.42] K.N. Nwaigwe, C.A. Okoronkwo, N.V. Ogueke, E.E. Anyanwu, Review of nocturnal cooling systems, Int. J. Energy Clean Environ. 11 (2010) 117–143

[2.43] Raman AP, Anoma MA, Zhu L, Rephaeli E, Fan S. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight. Nature 2014:515.

[2.44] Y. Khan, M. Bhandari, J. Mathur, Energy-saving potential of a radiant cooling system in different climate zones of India, Sci. Technol. Built Environ. 24 (2018) 356–370,

[2.45] G. Mihalakakou, M. Santamouris, D. Asimakopoulos, Modelling the earth temperature using multiyear measurements, Energy and Buildings 19 (1) (1992) 1–9.

[2.46] Selection guidance for low energy cooling technologies. International Energy Agency, Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme, Annex 28 Low Energy Cooling, Subtask 2 Report 1. IEA Annex 28, London, UK, 1997.

[2.47] B. Raji, M.J. Tenpierik, van den A. Dobbelsteen, The impact of greening systems on building energy performance: a literature reviews, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 45(2015), 610-623

[2.48] A.K. Meier, Strategic landscaping and air-conditioning savings: a literature review, Energy and Buildings. 15 (1990) 479–486,

[2.49] A. B. Thappen, Excessive Temperature in Flat-top Building: Refrigerating Engineering, p. 163 (1943).

[2.50] L. H. Holder, Automatic Roof Cooling, p. 2 April Showers, Washington, DC (1957).

[2.51] S. M. Blount, Ind. Exp. Prog. Facts for Industry Set. Bull. No. 9, North Carolina State College (1958).

[2.52] J. Yellot, Am. Soc. Heat. Vent. Engrs 73rd Ann. Meet. Toronto, Canada (1969).

[2.53] S. P. Jain and K. R. Rag, Bldg Sci. 9, 9 (1974).

[2.54] N.M. Nahar, P. Sharma, M.M. Purohit, Studies on solar passive cooling techniques for arid areas, Energy Conversion & Management 40 (1999) 89-95

[2.55] N.M. Nahar, P. Sharma, M.M. Purohit, Performance of different passive techniques for cooling of buildings in arid regions, Building and Environment 38 (2003) 109 –116

[2.56] L. Bundit, C. Sudaporn, Application of passive cooling systems in the hot and humid climate: the case study of a solar chimney and wetted roof in Thailand, Build. Environ. 42 (2007) 3341–3351.

[2.57] G.N. Tiwari, A. Kumar, M.S. Sodha, A review–cooling by water evaporation over the roof, Energy Convers. Manage. 22 (1982) 143–153.

[2.58] S. Rainieri, G. Pagliarini, Dynamic thermal simulation of a glass-covered semi-outdoor space with roof evaporative cooling, Energy Build. 43 (2011) 592–598.

[2.59] J. Carlos, L. Esparza, C.E.D. Pozo, G.A. Adolfo, G.A. Gabriel, G.C. Eduardo, Potential of a wet fabric device as a roof evaporative cooling solution: mathematical and experimental analysis, J. Build. Eng. 19 (2018) 366–375.

[2.60] C. Wei, L. Song, L. Jun, Analysis on the passive evaporative cooling wall constructed of porous ceramic pipes with water sucking ability, Energy and Buildings 86 (2015) 541–549

[2.61] Jiang, H. Akira, Experimental study of practical applications of a passive evaporative cooling wall with high water soaking-up ability, Build. Environ. 46 (2011) 98–108.

[2.62] SurakhaWanphen, KatsunoriNagano, Experimental study of the performance of porous materials to moderate the roof surface temperature by its evaporative cooling effect, Building and Environment 44(2) (2009), 338-351

[2.63] Neha Gupta, Exploring passive cooling potentials in Indian vernacular architecture, Journal of Buildings and Sustainability 2 (2017)

[2.64] H. P. GARG and R. L. SAWHNEY, A case study of passive houses built for three climatic conditions of India, Solar & Wind Technology 6 (4) (1989), 401-418

[2.65] I. Purohit, A. Kumar, Thermal simulation of roof surface evaporative cooling system for India using “TRNSYS”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 27:4, 193-202

[2.66] Artemisia Spanaki, Dionysia Kolokotsa , Theocharis Tsoutsos , Ilias Zacharopoulos, Assessing the passive cooling effect of the ventilated pond protected with a reflecting layer, Applied Energy 123 (2014) 273–280

References

[3.1] M.J. Cunningham, The moisture performance of framed structures: a mathematical model Building and Environment, 23 (1988), pp. 123-135

[3.2] R. El Diasty, P. Fazio, I. Budaiwi, Dynamic modeling of moisture absorption and desorption in buildings, Building and Environment., 28 (1993), pp. 21-32

[3.3] C. Wei, L. Song, L. Jun, Analysis on the passive evaporative cooling wall constructed of porous ceramic pipes with water sucking ability.

[3.4] G.H. dos Santos, N. Mendes, Numerical analysis of passive cooling using a porous sandy roof, Appl. Therm. Eng. 51 (1) (2013) 25–31.

[3.5] J.R. Philip, D.A. de Vries, Moisture movement in porous media under temperature gradients, Transactions American Geophysical Union 38 (1957),222-232.

[3.6] BertramHui, MartinLampe, A nonlinear implicit code for relativistic electron beam tracking studies, Journal of Computational Physics 55, (1984), 328-339

[3.7] N.Mendes, P.C.Philippi, R.Lamberts, A new mathematical method to solve highly coupled equations of heat and mass transfer in porous media, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45, (2002), 509-518

[3.8] G.N. Tiwari, A. Kumar, M.S. Sodha, A review–cooling by water evaporation over the roof, Energy Convers. Manage. 22 (1982) 143–153.

[3.9] I. Purohit, A. Kumar, Thermal simulation of roof surface evaporative cooling system for India using “TRNSYS”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 27:4, 193-202.

[3.10] N. K. Dhiman, Shvini Kumar and G. N. Tiwari cooling by evaporation of flowing water over a hollow roof

[3.11] D. Jain, Modeling of solar passive techniques for roof cooling in arid regions, Build. Environ. 41 (2006) 277–287.

[3.12] S. Rainieri, G. Pagliarini, Dynamic thermal simulation of a glass-covered semi-outdoor space with roof evaporative cooling, Energy Build. 43 (2011) 592–598.

[3.13] Martin Hendel, Morgane Colombert, Youssef Diab, Laurent Royon, An analysis of pavement heat flux to optimize the water efficiency of a pavement-watering method, Appl. Therm. Eng. 78 (2015) 658–669.

[3.14] P. Pal, A.K. Nayak, R. Dev, A modified double slope basin type solar distiller: experimental and enviro-economic study, Evergreen 5 (1) (March 2018).

[3.15] A.K. Nayak, R. Dev, thermal modeling and performance study of Modified double slope solar still. IJRET, Volume: 05 Issue: 01.

[3.16] R. Kalbasi, A.A. Alemrajabi, M. Afrand, Thermal modeling and analysis of single and double effect solar stills: an experimental validation, Appl. Therm. Eng. 129 (2018) 1455–1465.

[3.17] S.W. Sharshir, M.O.A. El-Samadony, Guilong Peng, A.E. Kabeel Hamed, Performance enhancement of wick solar still using rejected water from the humidification- dehumidification unit and film cooling, Appl. Therm. Eng. 108 (2016) 1268–1278

[3.18] T. Runsheng, Y. Etzion, Comparative studies on the water evaporation rate from a wetted surface and that from a free water surface, Build. Environ. 39 (2004) 77–86.

[3.19] M.S. Sodha, A. Kumar, G.N. Tiwari, R.C. Tyagi, Simple multiple wick solar still: analysis and performance, Sol. Energy 26 (1981) 127–131.

[3.20] J. Carlos, L. Esparza, C.E.D. Pozo, G.A. Adolfo, G.A. Gabriel, G.C. Eduardo, Potential of a wet fabric device as a roof evaporative cooling solution: mathematical and experimental analysis, J. Build. Eng. 19 (2018) 366–375.

[3.21] Danyal Sabzi, Pegah Haseli, Mehdi Jafarian, Gholamreza Karimi, Mansoor Taheri, Investigation of cooling load reduction in buildings by passive coolingoptions applied on roof, Energy and Buildings 109 (2015) 135–142

[3.22] J. Kondo, N. Saigusa, A parameterization of evaporation from bare soil surfaces, J. Appl. Meteorol. 29 (1990) 385–389.

[3.23] T. Toya, N. Yasuda, Parameterization of evaporation from a non-saturated bare surface for application in numerical prediction models, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 66–5 (1988) 729–739.

[3.24] Jiang He , Akira Hoyano, A 3D CAD-based simulation tool for prediction and evaluation of the thermal improvement effect of passive cooling walls in the developed urban locations, Solar Energy 83 (2009) 1064–1075

[3.25] J.T. Oliveira, H. Aya, T. Jun, Estimation of passive cooling efficiency for environmental design in Brazil, Energy Build. 41 (2009) 809–813.

[3.26] Lei Zhanga, Rongpeng Zhang, Yu. Tianzhen Hong, Qinglin Menga Zhang, Impact of post-rainfall evaporation from porous roof tiles on building cooling load in subtropical China, Appl. Therm. Eng. 142 (2018) 391–400.

[3.27] Koji Tsukimatsu, “Study aiming for accurate predication of building-urban climate- Modelling of convective heat transfer coefficients and evaporative cooling features of building exterior surfaces ”, February 2001. Master thesis submitted to IGSES, Kyushu University,( written in Japanese)

[3.28] H. Aya, T. Jun, Field measurements for estimating the convective heat transfer coefficient at building surfaces, Build. Environ. 38 (2003) 873–881.

[3.29] P. Raftery, M. Keane, A. Costa, Calibrating whole building energy models: detailed case study using hourly measured data, Energy Build. 43 (2011) 3666–3679.

[3.30] Aya Hagishima, Jun Tanimoto, Ken-ich Narita, Intercomparisons of experimental convective heat transfer coefficients and mass transfer coefficients of urban surfaces, Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 117 (2005) 551–576.

[3.31] Sergio Lavagnoli, Cis De Maesschalck, Guillermo Paniagua, Uncertainty analysis of adiabatic wall temperature measurements in turbine experiments, Appl. Therm. Eng. 82 (2015) 170–181.

[3.32] “Test Uncertainty“. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME PTC 19.1 (2005).

[3.33] Anish Prasad, A Detailed Uncertainty Analysis of Heat TransferExperiments Using Temperature Sensitive Paint, Dissertations and Theses, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 2016.

[3.34] K.T. Zingre, M.P. Wan, S.K. Wong, W.B.T. Toh, I.Y.L. Lee, Modeling of cool roof performance for double-skin roofs in tropical climate, Energy 82 (2015) 813–826.

[3.35] Z. Lei, Z. Rongpeng, Z. Yu, H. Tianzhen, M. Qinglin, F. Yanshan, The impact of evaporation from porous tile on roof thermal performance: a case study of Guangzhou’s climatic conditions, Energy Build. 136 (2017) 161–172.

[3.36] Ö. Kas, ka, R. Yumrutas, Comparison of experimental and theoretical results for the transient heat flow through multilayer walls and flat roofs, Energy 33 (12) (2008) 1816–1823

[3.37] ASHRAE, ASHRAE Guideline, Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings 14 (2002).

[3.38] S. Melero, I. Morgado, F.J. Neila, C. Acha, Passive evaporative cooling by porous ceramic elements integrated in a trombe wall, PLEA 2011 - Architecture and sustainable development, conference proceedings of the 27th international conference on passive and low energy architecture, 2011, pp. 267–272.

References

[4.1] Kim,et.al. Performance investigation of an independent dedicated outdoor air system for energy-plus houses, Applied Thermal Engineering,146, 2019, 306-317

[4.2] TRNSYS 17 – A Transient System Simulation Program, Volume 4,

[4.3] L. Bundit, C. Sudaporn, Application of passive cooling systems in the hot and humid climate: the case study of solar chimney and wetted roof in Thailand, Build. Environ. 42 (2007) 3341–3351.

[4.4] J. Carlos, L. Esparza, C.E.D. Pozo, G.A. Adolfo, G.A. Gabriel, G.C. Eduardo, Potential of a wet fabric device as a roof evaporative cooling solution: mathematical and experimental analysis, J. Build. Eng. 19 (2018) 366–375.

[4.5] Crawley, et.al., Contrasting the capabilities of building energy performance simulation programs, Building and Environment Volume 43 (4), 661–673, (2008)

[4.6] D.G. Stephenson, G.P. Mitalas, Stephenson D.G., Mitalas G.P., Calculation of heat conduction transfer functions for multi-layer slabs, ASHRAE Transactions,ASHRAE Transactions, 77(2), 117-126, (1971).

[4.7] TRANSSOLAR Energietechnik GmbH, Solar Energy Laboratory, TRNSYS 17

[4.8] Ibanez, et.al., An approach to the simulation of PCMs in building applications using TRNSYS, Applied Thermal Engineering, 25 (11–12)1796–1807(2005).

[4.9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_pattern

[4.10] TRNSYS 18 Documentation, Nostand, Type 399(2004)

[4.11] S.A. Klein, et al., TRNSYS 16(2004).

[4.12] Delcroix, et. al., conduction transfer functions in trnsys multizone building Model: current implementation, limitations and possible Improvements, Fifth National Conference of IBPSA-USA (2012)

References

[5.1] Business Standard (15 June 2012). “Victims of urbanization: India, Indonesia, and China”. Rediff.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

[5.2] Datta, Pranati. “Urbanisation in India” (PDF). Infostat.sk. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

[5.3] “Urban population (% of total) | Data”. Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

[5.4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation_in_India

[5.5] Demographia (April 2016). Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (12th ed.). Retrieved 17 November 2016. (excludes Kondli)

[5.6] “Local Bodies” (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. National Informatics Centre. P. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2015.

[5.7] Karandikar, Priyanka N., “Chawls: Analysis of a middle-class housing type in Mumbai, India” (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations.11777.

[5.8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India

[5.9] Handbook of Urban statistics 2019, Government of India Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

[5.10] Peter Ellis, Mark Roberts, Leveraging Urbanization in South Asia: Managing Spatial Transformation for Prosperity and Livability, World Bank Publications, November 13, 2015

[5.11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune

[5.12] http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/rainfall_index.htm#

[5.13] http://dsp.imdpune.gov.in/

[5.14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Tamil_Nadu

[5.15] K.T. Zingre, M.P. Wan, S.K. Wong, W.B.T. Toh, I.Y.L. Lee, Modeling of cool roof performance for double-skin roofs in tropical climate, Energy 82 (2015) 813–826.

[5.16] Ö. Kas, ka, R. Yumrutas, Comparison of experimental and theoretical results for the transient heat flow through multilayer walls and flat roofs, Energy 33 (12) (2008) 1816–1823.

[5.17] I. Purohit, A. Kumar, Thermal simulation of roof surface evaporative cooling system for India using “TRNSYS”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 27:4, 193-202.

[5.18] Zhang, Y.; Lin, K.; Zhang, Q.; Di, H. Ideal thermophysical properties for free-cooling (or heating) buildings with constant thermal physical property material. Energy and Buildings, 2006, 38, 1164–1170.

[5.19] S. Melero, I. Morgado, F.J. Neila, C. Acha, Passive evaporative cooling by porous ceramic elements integrated in a trombe wall, PLEA 2011 – Architecture and sustainable development, conference proceedings of the 27th international conference on passive and low energy architecture, 2011, pp. 267–272.

[5.20] https://www.japanfs.org/sp/en/news/archives/news_id027756.html

[5.21] https://www.japanfs.org/sp/en/news/archives/news_id035023.html

[5.22] Rainwater harvesting in India, An appraisal, Central pollution control board of India, Accessed May 2016

[5.23] Legislation on rainwater harvesting, available at http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm# accessed on Aug. 26th, 2016.

References

[6.1] A. King, D. C. Kincaid, A variable flow rate sprinkler for site-specific irrigation management, Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20(6), 765-770

[6.2] Hill, R.W. 1991. Irrigation Scheduling. Chapter 12 in Modeling Plant and Soil Systems, John Hanks and J.T. Ritchie (eds.), American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI. 491-509

[6.3] Pulsa Jet low flow spray system, Bulletin No. 705A Printed in the U.S.A. ©Spraying Systems Co. 2014.

References

[7.1] The Future of Cooling, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264301993-en, ISBN :9789264301993, © OECD/IEA 2018

[7.2] https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling

[7.3] Koji Tsukimatsu, “Study aiming for accurate predication of building-urban climate- Modelling of convective heat transfer coefficients and evaporative cooling features of building exterior surfaces ”, February 2001. Master thesis submitted to IGSES, Kyushu University,( written in Japanese)

[7.4] S. Melero, I. Morgado, F.J. Neila, C. Acha, Passive evaporative cooling by porous ceramic elements integrated in a trombe wall, PLEA 2011 - Architecture and sustainable development, conference proceedings of the 27th international conference on passive and low energy architecture, 2011, pp. 267–272.

参考文献をもっと見る