論文の公開元へ

書き出し

Refer/BibIX

RIS

BibTeX

TSV

Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in Nepal : ecology, genetic diversity, and human-sloth bear conflict

Paudel, Rajan Prasad 北海道大学

2023.03.23

概要

The sloth bear Melursus ursinus (Shaw, 1791; Figure 1.1) is an endemic mammal of the Indian
subcontinent that occurs in a wide range of habitats, including dry or moist forest, savannah,
scrublands, and grasslands (Garshelis et al., 1999). Their populations have declined by almost
50% over the last three decades and the species is categorized as “vulnerable” in IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species (Dharaiya et al., 2020). Sloth bears have been extirpated from
Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2013) and possibly Bhutan (Dharaiya et al., 2020; Garshelis et
al., 1999). They were once present along a continuous strip of forest and grasslands in southern
Nepal until the 1950s, when the expansion of human settlement and agriculture confined them
primarily to a few protected areas (Amin et al., 2018; Jnawali et al., 2011). They exist at a
higher density in the central habitat at the Chitwan-Parsa complex (CPC). West of CPC, sloth
bears exist at a much lower density in forest areas around Lamahi-Bhaluwang and the BankeBardiya complex (BBC) (Grashelis et al., 1999a; Subdei et al., 2021; Yadav et al., 2017).
Further west of BNP, they have been sighted in Shuklaphanta national park (Yadav et al.,
2016). In the east of CPC, a small sloth bear population persists in Trijuga forest near KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve (Pokharel et al., 2022; Shah et al., 2018). Rugged foothills of the
Himalayas, also known as ‘Siwalk’or ‘Churia’ is considered to provide critical habitat for sloth
bears (Subedi et al., 2021).
Species distribution and habitat use are primarily determined by the availability and spatial
variation of food resources and the extent of natural and anthropogenic threats (Ceballos &
Ehrlich, 2002; Schipper et al., 2008). Unlike other carnivores, sloth bears are specially adapted
for a myrmecophagous diet (Joshi et al., 1997, 1999; Sacco & Valkenburgh, 2004). ...

論文の公開元へ

この論文で使われている画像

参考文献

Paetkau et al., 1995

Paetkau et al., 1998

Paetkau et al., 1995

Taberlet et al., 1997

Cronin et al., 2009

Ostander et al., 1993

Poissant & Davis, 2011

Paetkau et al., 1995

Taberlet et al., 1997

Bidon et al., 2013

105

Annex 6: List of insects reported in the diet of sloth bear

S.N

Species

Family

Order

Reference

Reticulitermes spp.

Rhinotermitidae

Blattodea

Joshi et al., 1997

Hypotermes spp.

Termitidae

Blattodea

Joshi et al., 1997

Macrotermes spp

Termitidae

Blattodea

Joshi et al., 1997

Microcerotermes spp.

Termitidae

Blattodea

Joshi et al., 1997

Odontotermes obesus

Termitidae

Blattodea

Laurie & Seidensticker,1977

Onthophagus spp.

Scarabaeidae

Coleoptera

Laurie & Seidensticker,1977

Phyleophaga rugosa

Scarabaeidae

Coleoptera

Joshi et al., 1997

Scaretes spp.

Scarabaeidae

Coleoptera

Laurie & Seidensticker,1977

Tenebrionid beetle

Tenebrionidae

Coleoptera

Rather et al., 2020

Cicida spp.

Cicadidae

Hemiptera

Philip et al., 2021

Apis dorsata

Apidae

Hymenoptera

Chhangani, 2002

Camponotus compressus

Formicidae

Hymenoptera

Laurie & Seidensticker,1977

Camponotus irritans

Formicidae

Hymenoptera

Seidensticker et al., 2021

Dorylus labiatus

Formicidae

Hymenoptera

Maewada et al., 2019

Solenopsis spp.

Formicidae

Hymenoptera

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

Gryllotalpa africana

Gryllotalpidaae

Orthoptera

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

106

Annex 7: List of plants reported in sloth bears diet

Species

Family

Order

Reference

Phoenix acaulis

Arecaceae

Arecales

Joshi et al., 1997

Phoenix dactylifera

Arecaceae

Arecales

Philip et al., 2021

Phoenix humilis

Arecaceae

Arecales

Sreekumar & Balakrishnan, 2002

Phoenix sylvestris

Arecaceae

Arecales

Maewada et al., 2019

Tagetes erecta

Asteraceae

Asterales

Chhangani, 2002

Cordia domestica

Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Philip et al., 2021

Cordia gharaf/sinensis

Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Philip et al., 2021

Cordia oblique

Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Ramesh et al., 2009

Ehretia aspera

Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Philip et al., 2021

Ehretia laevis

Boraginaceae

Boraginales

Laurie & Seidensticker,1977

Brassica oleracea

Brassicaceae

Brassicales

Chhangani, 2002

Careya papaya

Caricaceae

Brassicales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

Capparis zeylanica

Capparaceae

capparales

Samad & Hosetti, 2018

Alangium salvifolium

Cornaceae

Cornales

Maewada et al., 2019

Citrullus lanatus

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbitales

Chhangani, 2002

Cucumis sativus

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbitales

Mewada & Dharaiya, 2010

Melothria maderaspatana

Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbitales

Philip et al., 2021

Dillenia indica

Dilleniaceae

Dilleniales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

Impatiens balsamina

Balsaminaceae

Ericales

Philip et al., 2021

Diospyros melanoxylon

Ebenaceae

Ericales

Philip et al., 2021

Diospyros montana

Ebenaceae

Ericales

Baskaran et al., 2015

Diospyros embryopteri

Ebenaceae

Ericales

Palei et al., 2019

Careya arborea

Lecythidaceae

Ericales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

Madhuca indica/longifolia

Sapotaceae

Ericales

Maewada et al., 2019

107

Annex 7: List of plants reported in sloth bears diet

Species

Family

Order

Reference

Acacia leucophloea

Fabaceae

Fabales

Philip et al., 2021

Alibizzia odoratissma

Fabaceae

Fabales

Ramesh et al., 2009

Arachis hypogaea

Fabaceae

Fabales

Palei et al., 2019

Bauhinia racemosa

Fabaceae

Fabales

Philip et al., 2021

Butea monosperma

Fabaceae

Fabales

Philip et al., 2021

Casia fistula

Fabaceae

Fabales

Joshi et al., 1997

Cassia tora

Fabaceae

Fabales

Sukhadiya et al., 2013

Cicer arietinum

Fabaceae

Fabales

Chhangani, 2002

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba

Fabaceae

Fabales

Chhangani, 2002

Dichrostachys cinerea

Fabaceae

Fabales

Chhangani, 2002

Medicago sativa

Fabaceae

Fabales

Chhangani, 2002

Phaseolus radiatus

Fabaceae

Fabales

Chhangani, 2002

Pithecellobium dulce

Fabaceae

Fabales

Philip et al., 2021

Pueraria tuberosa

Fabaceae

Fabales

Philip et al., 2021

Saraca indica

Fabaceae

Fabales

Philip et al., 2021

Tamarindus indica

Fabaceae

Fabales

Chhangani, 2002

Vigna aconitifolia

Fabaceae

Fabales

Chhangani, 2002

Carissa spinarum

Apocynaceae

Gentianales

Philip et al., 2021

Carrisa congesta/carandas

Apocynaceae

Gentianales

Philip et al., 2021

Xemenia americana

Oleaceae

Gentianales

Samad & Hosetti, 2018

Canthium parviflorum

Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Kumar & Paul 2021

Catunaregam spinosa

Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Maewada et al., 2019

Gardenia latifolia

Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Samad & Hosetti, 2018

Ixora coccinea

Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Sreekumar & Balakrishnan, 2002

108

Annex 7: List of plants reported in sloth bears diet

Species

Family

Order

Reference

Ixora pavetta/parviflora

Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Samad & Hosetti, 2018

Morinda pubescens

Rubiaceae

Gentianales

Maewada et al., 2019

Callicarpa macrophylla

Lamiaceae

Lamiales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

Gmelina arborea

Lamiaceae

Lamiales

Philip et al., 2021

Lantana camara

Verbenaceae

Lamiales

Philip et al., 2021

Annona squamosa

Annonaceae

Magnoliales

Philip et al., 2021

Miliusa tomentosa

Annonaceae

Magnoliales

Maewada et al., 2019

Miliusa velutina

Annonaceae

Magnoliales

Joshi et al., 1997

Aporosa lindleyana

Phyllanthaceae

Malpighiales

Sreekumar & Balakrishnan, 2002

Baccaurea courtallensis

Phyllanthaceae

Malpighiales

Sreekumar & Balakrishnan, 2002

Bridelia retusa

Phyllanthaceae

Malpighiales

Joshi et al., 1997

Putranjiva roxburghii

Putranjivaceae

Malpighiales

Maewada et al., 2019

Flacourtia indica

Salicaceae

Malpighiales

Philip et al., 2021

Flacourtia jangomas

Salicaceae

Malpighiales

Philip et al., 2021

Flacourtia sepiaria

Salicaceae

Malpighiales

Philip et al., 2021

Bombax ceiba

Malvaceae

Malvales

Joshi et al., 1997

Grewia asiatica

Malvaceae

Malvales

Philip et al., 2021

Grewia flavescens

Malvaceae

Malvales

Philip et al., 2021

Grewia hirsuta

Malvaceae

Malvales

Maewada et al., 2019

Grewia schlerophylla

Malvaceae

Malvales

Joshi et al., 1997

Grewia tenax

Malvaceae

Malvales

Samad & Hosetti, 2018

Grewia villosa / orbiculata

Malvaceae

Malvales

Samad & Hosetti, 2018

Anogeissus latifolia

Combretaceae

Myrtales

Philip et al., 2021

Terminalia arjuna

Combretaceae

Myrtales

Chhangani, 2002

109

Annex 7: List of plants reported in sloth bears diet

Species

Family

Order

Reference

Lagerstromia microcarpa

Lythraceae

Myrtales

Ramesh et al., 2009

Punica granatum

Lythraceae

Myrtales

Chhangani, 2002

Eugenia spp

Myrtaceae

Myrtales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

Psidium guajava

Myrtaceae

Myrtales

Chhangani, 2002

Syzygium cerasoides

Myrtaceae

Myrtales

Palei et al., 2019

Syzygium cumini

Myrtaceae

Myrtales

Joshi et al., 1997

Syzygium heyneanum

Myrtaceae

Myrtales

Maewada et al., 2019

Olea glandulifera

Oleaceae

Olea

Ramesh et al., 2009

Bambusa vulgaris

Poaceae

Poales

Philip et al., 2021

Dendrocalamus strictus

Poaceae

Poales

Kumar & Paul, 2021

Heteropogon contortus

Poaceae

Poales

Ramesh et al., 2009

Saccharum officinarum

Poaceae

Poales

Chhangani, 2002

Seteria intermedia

Poaceae

Poales

Ramesh et al., 2009

Sporobolus spp.

Poaceae

Poales

Baskaran et al., 1997

Triticum aestivum

Poaceae

Poales

Chhangani, 2002

Zea mays

Poaceae

Poales

Chhangani, 2002

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Moraceae

Rosales

Palei et al., 2019

Artocarpus hirusta

Moraceae

Rosales

Sreekumar & Balakrishnan, 2002

Artocarpus integrifolia

Moraceae

Rosales

Sreekumar & Balakrishnan, 2002

Ficus arnottiana

Moraceae

Rosales

Philip et al., 2021;

Ficus benghalensis

Moraceae

Rosales

Khanal & Thapa, 2014

Ficus cunia / semicordata

Moraceae

Rosales

Joshi et al., 1997

Ficus glomerata / racemosa

Moraceae

Rosales

Joshi et al., 1997

Ficus religiosa

Moraceae

Rosales

Philip et al., 2021

110

Annex 7: List of plants reported in sloth bears diet

Species

Family

Order

Reference

Ficus rumphii / cordifolia

Moraceae

Rosales

Philip et al., 2021

Ficus virens / infectoria

Moraceae

Rosales

Philip et al., 2021

Ziziphus mauritiana / jujuba

Rhamnaceae

Rosales

Joshi et al., 1997

100

Ziziphus nummularia

Rhamnaceae

Rosales

Philip et al., 2021

101

Ziziphus oenoplia

Rhamnaceae

Rosales

Philip et al., 2021

102

Ziziphus rugosa / glabra

Rhamnaceae

Rosales

Palei et al., 2019

103

Ziziphus xylopyrus

Rhamnaceae

Rosales

Maewada et al., 2019

104

Prunus persica

Rosaceae

Rosales

Philip et al., 2021

105

Rosa indica

Rosaceae

Rosales

Chhangani, 2002

106

Anacardium occidentale

Anacardiaceae

Sapindales

Palei et al., 2019

107

Buchanania lanzan

Anacardiaceae

Sapindales

Rather et al., 2020

108

Magnifera indica

Anacardiaceae

Sapindales

Joshi et al., 1997

109

Rhus semialata / chinensis

Anacardiaceae

Sapindales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

110

Semecarpus anacardium

Anacardiaceae

Sapindales

Philip et al., 2021

111

Boswellia serrata

Burseraceae

Sapindales

Philip et al., 2021

112

Agele marmelos

Rutaceae

Sapindales

Joshi et al., 1997

113

Murraya koenigii

Rutaceae

Sapindales

Joshi et al., 1997

114

Zanthoxylum asiaticum

Rutaceae

Sapindales

Baskaran et al., 1997

115

Schleichera oleosa

Sapindaceae

Sapindales

Bargali et al., 2004

116

Schleichera trijuga

Sapindaceae

Sapindales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

117

Ipomoea batatas

Convolvulaceae

Solanales

Palei et al., 2019

118

Capsicum annum

Sollanaceae

Solanales

Mewada, 2015

119

Lycopersicon lycopersicum

Sollanaceae

Solanales

Chhangani, 2002

120

Solanum indicum

Sollanaceae

Solanales

Laurie & Seidensticker, 1977

111

112

...

参考文献をもっと見る

分野

大学

学位論文種類・取得年

言語

Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in Nepal : ecology, genetic diversity, and human-sloth bear conflict

概要

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

Contextualizing chimpanzee research within the socioecological landscape of the Forestière region of the Republic of Guinea, Africa

Community structure, function, and dynamics of sea cucumber gut microbiome

Sibling spore isolates of Tricholoma matsutake vary significantly in their ectomycorrhizal colonization abilities on pine hosts in vitro and form multiple intimate associations in single ectomycorrhizal roots

Effects, and Their Mechanisms, of Temporal and Special Continuity in Grasslands on Plants- and Butterflies- communities

Wildlife responses to naturally altered and human-modified landscapes in Malaysia and Japan [an abstract of entire text]

参考文献

分野

大学

学位論文種類・取得年

言語

コピーが完了しました

URLをコピーしました

Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in Nepal : ecology, genetic diversity, and human-sloth bear conflict

概要

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

Contextualizing chimpanzee research within the socioecological landscape of the Forestière region of the Republic of Guinea, Africa

Community structure, function, and dynamics of sea cucumber gut microbiome

Sibling spore isolates of Tricholoma matsutake vary significantly in their ectomycorrhizal colonization abilities on pine hosts in vitro and form multiple intimate associations in single ectomycorrhizal roots

Effects, and Their Mechanisms, of Temporal and Special Continuity in Grasslands on Plants- and Butterflies- communities

Wildlife responses to naturally altered and human-modified landscapes in Malaysia and Japan [an abstract of entire text]

参考文献