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Contextualizing chimpanzee research within the socioecological landscape of the Forestière region of the Republic of Guinea, Africa

Maegan, Annette Fitzgerald 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k23406

2021.07.26

概要

西アフリカのチンパンジーは1990年から2014年にかけて個体数が80%以上減少したと見積もられ、近絶滅種に位置付けられている。ギニア共和国は西アフリカのチンパンジー個体群のなかで最大数が生息する地域である。個体数減少の要因は生息地の消失、疫病、狩猟である。こうした要因の大小や社会生態的文脈は国によっても異なり、また地域によっても異なる。こうした要因がチンパンジーの生息に与える影響を調べることに加えて、チンパンジーの行動と生態を社会生態システムの中で理解することが肝要である。

本研究は、ギニア共和国ニンバ山地域に生息するチンパンジーのうちセリンバラ個体群を対象とした。チンパンジーの研究を、広く社会生態的景観の中で位置づけることを目的として3つの研究をおこなった。第1の研究は、セリンバラのチンパンジーの板根叩き行動に焦点を当てたものである。チンパンジーが板根叩きをする際に選ばれる木や板根の特徴を調べた結果、明らかな選択性が認められた。

第2の研究はセリンバラ地域におけるチンパンジーの生息地利用状況を調べることを通して、分布モデリングによる解析をおこなった。雨量や標高などの環境要因がチンパンジーの生息地好適性にどのように影響を及ぼすのか検証した結果、豊かな森が残されていることが重要であることが確かめられた。また、ニンバ山地域のチンパンジー個体群が分断され孤立化する傾向にあることも示唆された。

第3の研究は、衛星画像等による情報をもとに、ギニアの森林地帯において2000年から2018年にかけて森林がどの程度失われているのかを定量化した研究である。さらに、森林消失の原因を推定した。その結果、2000年の森林面積と比べて、2018年の森林面積は約10%減少しており、その内訳として6%は生物多様性の高い地域の外側において生じること、4%は生物多様性の高い地域の内側において生じていることが明らかとなった。

以上の一連の研究により、ギニア共和国ニンバ山地域セリンバラにおけるチンパンジーの行動と生態につて未解明の側面が明らかとなり、得られたデータを活用してニンバ山景観における生息地好適性に与える影響を理解する道を開くことができた。さらに、ニンバ山地域およびギニア共和国の森林地域全体において、チンパンジーの生息状況と生物多様性に及ぼす潜在的な脅威や社会生態的ダイナミクスが浮き彫りになった。こうした成果は、チンパンジーを保全するにあたって最適かつ効率的な方策を立てるにあたって非常に重要な礎となると考えられる。

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