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Biological and clinical significance of the YKL-40/osteopontin–integrin β4–p70S6K axis induced by macrophages in early oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Urakami, Satoshi Koma, Yu-ichiro Tsukamoto, Shuichi Azumi, Yuki Miyako, Shoji Kitamura, Yu Kodama, Takayuki Nishio, Mari Shigeoka, Manabu Abe, Hirofumi Usami, Yu Kodama, Yuzo Yokozaki, Hiroshi 神戸大学

2023.09

概要

M2 macrophages contribute to the progression of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, the roles of M2 macrophages in early ESCC remain unclear. To clarify the biological mechanisms underlying the interaction between M2 macrophages and oesophageal epithelial cells in early-stage ESCC, in vitro co-culture assays between the immortalised oesophageal epithelial cell line Het-1A and cytokine-defined M2 macrophages were established. Co-culture with M2 macrophages promoted the proliferation and migration of Het-1A cells via the mTOR–p70S6K signalling pathway activated by YKL-40, also known as chitinase 3-like 1, and osteopontin (OPN) that were hypersecreted in the co-culture supernatants. YKL-40 and OPN promoted the above phenotypes of Het-1A by making a complex with integrin β4 (β4). Furthermore, YKL-40 and OPN promoted M2 polarisation, proliferation, and migration of macrophages. To validate the pathological and clinical significances of in vitro experimental results, immunohistochemistry of human early ESCC tissues obtained by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was performed, confirming the activation of the YKL-40/OPN–β4–p70S6K axis in the tumour area. Moreover, epithelial expression of β4 and the number of epithelial and stromal infiltrating YKL-40- and OPN-positive cells correlated with the Lugol-voiding lesions (LVLs), a well-known predictor of the incidence of metachronous ESCC. Furthermore, the combination of high expression of β4 and LVLs or high numbers of epithelial and stromal infiltrating YKL-40- and OPN-positive immune cells could more clearly detect the incidence of metachronous ESCC than each of the parameters alone. Our results demonstrated that the YKL-40/OPN–β4–p70S6K axis played important roles in early-stage ESCC, and the high expression levels of β4 and high numbers of infiltrating YKL-40- and OPN-positive immune cells could be useful predictive parameters for the incidence of metachronous ESCC after ESD.

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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ONLINE

Supplementary materials and methods

Figure S1. Immunohistochemical staining in early oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues using normal rabbit IgG, anti-integrin β4 (β4)

antibody, and anti-β4 antibody with β4-blocking peptide

Figure S2. Characteristics of various polarised peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages

Figure S3. Phosphokinase expression profile of the protein from Het-1A monoculture and Het-1A co-cultured with M0 macrophages (co-M0), M1

macrophages (co-M1), and M2 macrophages (co-M2)

Figure S4. Cytokine expression profile of the condition medium from Het-1A and M2 macrophages (M2) monoculture and Het-1A co-cultured

with M2

© 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. www.pathsoc.org

J Pathol 2023; 261: 55–70

www.thejournalofpathology.com

10969896, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/path.6148 by Kobe University, Wiley Online Library on [03/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

Role of macrophages in early oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

S Urakami et al

Figure S5. YKL-40/osteopontin (OPN) promoted the proliferation and migration of oesophageal epithelial cells via the mTOR–p70S6K signalling

pathway

Figure S6. YKL-40 and osteopontin (OPN) promoted the proliferation and migration of Het-1A, TE-9, and TE-11 cells via the mTOR–p70S6K

signalling pathway

Figure S7. The co-localization between YKL-40 or osteopontin (OPN) and integrin β4 (β4) and intensity of β4 on Het-1A cells co-cultured with M2

macrophages (M2) for 24 h were increased compared with monocultured Het-1A cells

Figure S8. YKL-40/osteopontin (OPN) promoted the proliferation and migration of oesophageal epithelial cells by activating the mTOR–p70S6K

signalling pathway via integrin β4 (β4)

Figure S9. Immunohistochemical analysis of infiltrating immune cells and tumour cells in oesophagus tissues of the mouse oesophageal carcinogens

model

Figure S10. Immunohistochemical analysis of infiltrating immune cells and tumour cells in early oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues

Figure S11. Quantification of western blotting bands on the mTOR–p70S6K signalling pathway

Table S1. Correlation between the expression levels of integrin β4 (β4) and phosphorylated p70S6K (p-p70S6K) and infiltrating cells in oesophageal

squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues

Table S2. Correlation between the numbers of infiltrating YKL-40- and osteopontin (OPN)-positive cells and clinicopathological parameters in early

oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)

Table S3. Characteristics of patients and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues (referred to in Supplementary materials and methods)

Table S4. Experimental materials and the primer sets used for RT-qPCR (referred to in Supplementary materials and methods)

© 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. www.pathsoc.org

J Pathol 2023; 261: 55–70

www.thejournalofpathology.com

10969896, 2023, 1, Downloaded from https://pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/path.6148 by Kobe University, Wiley Online Library on [03/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

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