1.
Fleming A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium with special
reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenza. Br J Exp Pathol. 10, 226–
236, 1929.
2.
Aminov RI. A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges
for the future. Front Microbiol. 1, 134, 2010.
3.
Davies J, Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol
Mol Biol Rev. 74, 417-433, 2010.
4.
Singer AC, Kirchhelle C, Roberts AP. (Inter)nationalising the antibiotic research
and development pipeline. Lancet Infect Dis. 20, e54-e62, 2020.
5.
Blair JM, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, et al. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic
resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 13, 42-51, 2015.
6.
Cosgrove SE, Carmeli Y. The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and
economic outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 36, 1433-1437, 2003.
7.
Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance-the need for
global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 13, 1057-1098, 2013.
8.
Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global
52
multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 109, 309-318, 2015.
9.
Neu HC. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science. 257, 1064-1073, 1992.
10.
Bell BG, Schellevis F, Stobberingh E, et al. A systematic review and metaanalysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance. BMC
Infect Dis. 14, 13, 2014.
11.
Spellberg B, Bartlett JG, Gilbert DN. The future of antibiotics and resistance. N
Engl J Med. 368, 299-302, 2013.
12.
The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Chaired by Jim O’Neill. TACKLING
DRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS GLOBALLY: FINAL REPORT AND
RECOMMENDATIONS. 2016. https://amrreview.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf. アク
セス日 2021 年 11 月 27 日.
13.
World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance.
2016. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241509763. アクセス日
2021 年 11 月 27 日.
14.
The White House. NATIONA L ACTION PLAN FOR COMBATING
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTA NT BACTERIA. 2015.
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/national_action_pl
53
an_for_combating_antibotic-resistant_bacteria.pdf. アクセス日 2021 年 11 月
27 日.
15.
The European Commission. A European One Health Action Plan against
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). 2017.
https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/antimicrobial_resistance/docs/amr_
2017_action-plan.pdf. アクセス日 2021 年 11 月 27 日.
16.
国際的に脅威となる感染症対策関係閣僚会議. 薬剤耐性(AMR)対策アク
ションプラン 2016-2020. 2016. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/0000120769.pdf. アクセス日 2021
年 11 月 27 日.
17.
World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)：A major public
threat. 2021. https://www.who.int/infectionprevention/tools/IPC_AMR_A4.pdf?ua=1. アクセス日 2021 年 11 月 27 日.
18.
Sydnor ER, Perl TM. Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care
settings. Clin Microbiol Rev. 24, 141-173, 2011.
19.
Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant
pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: Summary of
data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017. Infect
54
Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41, 1-18, 2020.
20.
Suetens C, Latour K, Kärki T, et al. Prevalence of healthcare-associated
infections, estimated incidence and composite antimicrobial resistance index in
acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities: results from two European
point prevalence surveys, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 23, 2018.
21.
Morioka H, Nagao M, Yoshihara S, et al. The first multi-centre point-prevalence
survey in four Japanese university hospitals. J Hosp Infect. 99, 325-331, 2018.
22.
De Waele JJ, Boelens J, Leroux-Roels I. Multidrug-resistant bacteria in ICU:
fact or myth. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 33, 156-161, 2020.
23.
Kernéis S, Lucet JC. Controlling the Diffusion of Multidrug-Resistant
Organisms in Intensive Care Units. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 40, 558-568,
2019.
24.
Petrosillo N, Capone A, Di Bella S, et al. Management of antibiotic resistance in
the intensive care unit setting. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 8, 289-302, 2010.
25.
Prabaker K, Weinstein RA. Trends in antimicrobial resistance in intensive care
units in the United States. Curr Opin Crit Care. 17, 472-479, 2011.
26.
Kollef MH, Fraser VJ. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern
Med. 134, 298-314, 2001.
55
27.
Bonten MJ, Weinstein RA. Bird's-eye view of nosocomial infections in medical
ICU: blue bugs, fungi, and device-days. Crit Care Med. 27, 853-854, 1999.
28.
Strich JR, Palmore TN. Preventing Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant
Pathogens in the Intensive Care Unit. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 31, 535-550,
2017.
29.
Bonten MJ. Colonization pressure: a critical parameter in the epidemiology of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Crit Care. 16, 142, 2012.
30.
Safdar N, Maki DG. The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial
colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,
Enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida. Ann
Intern Med. 136, 834-844, 2002.
31.
Blanco N, O'Hara LM, Harris AD. Transmission pathways of multidrug-resistant
organisms in the hospital setting: a scoping review. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol. 40, 447-456, 2019.
32.
Barnes SL, Rock C, Harris AD, et al. The Impact of Reducing Antibiotics on the
Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
38, 663-669, 2017.
33.
Weinstein RA. The Fecal Patina, Public Health, and Infection Control: WWJSD
56
While Waiting for Hand Hygiene to Improve? IDWeek; 2016; Philadelphia, PA,
USA.
34.
Beezhold DW, Slaughter S, Hayden MK, et al. Skin colonization with
vancomycin-resistant Enterococci among hospitalized patients with bacteremia.
Clin Infect Dis. 24, 704-706, 1997.
35.
Weinstein RA. Intensive care unit environments and the fecal patina: a simple
problem? Crit Care Med. 40, 1333-1334, 2012.
36.
Mody L, Washer LL, Kaye KS, et al. Multidrug-resistant Organisms in
Hospitals: What Is on Patient Hands and in Their Rooms? Clin Infect Dis. 69,
1837-1844, 2019.
37.
Chemaly RF, Simmons S, Dale C, Jr., et al. The role of the healthcare
environment in the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms: update on current
best practices for containment. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2, 79-90, 2014.
38.
Klein EY, Tseng KK, Hinson J, et al. The Role of Healthcare Worker-Mediated
Contact Networks in the Transmission of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci.
Open Forum Infect Dis. 7, ofaa056, 2020.
39.
Rosa R, Donskey CJ, Munoz-Price LS. The Intersection Between Colonization
Resistance, Antimicrobial Stewardship, and Clostridium difficile. Curr Infect Dis
57
Rep. 20, 27, 2018.
40.
Septimus EJ, Schweizer ML. Decolonization in Prevention of Health CareAssociated Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 29, 201-222, 2016.
41.
Frost SA, Alogso MC, Metcalfe L, et al. Chlorhexidine bathing and health careassociated infections among adult intensive care patients: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 20, 379, 2016.
42.
Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection
prevention. J Hosp Infect. 73, 305-315, 2009.
43.
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, et al. 2007 Guideline for Isolation
Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care
Settings. Am J Infect Control. 35, S65-164, 2007.
44.
Fischer WA, 2nd, Hynes NA, Perl TM. Protecting health care workers from
Ebola: personal protective equipment is critical but is not enough. Ann Intern
Med. 161, 753-754, 2014.
45.
Tomas ME, Kundrapu S, Thota P, et al. Contamination of Health Care Personnel
During Removal of Personal Protective Equipment. JAMA Intern Med. 175,
1904-1910, 2015.
46.
Casanova L, Alfano-Sobsey E, Rutala WA, et al. Virus transfer from personal
58
protective equipment to healthcare employees' skin and clothing. Emerg Infect
Dis. 14, 1291-1293, 2008.
47.
Kwon JH, Burnham CD, Reske KA, et al. Assessment of Healthcare Worker
Protocol Deviations and Self-Contamination During Personal Protective
Equipment Donning and Doffing. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 38, 10771083, 2017.
48.
Krein SL, Mayer J, Harrod M, et al. Identification and Characterization of
Failures in Infectious Agent Transmission Precaution Practices in Hospitals: A
Qualitative Study. JAMA Intern Med. 178, 1016-1057, 2018.
49.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sequence for donning and
removing personal protective equipment. 2015.
https://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/ppe/PPE-Sequence.pdf. . アクセス日 2021 年
11 月 27 日.
50.
Morgan DJ, Rogawski E, Thom KA, et al. Transfer of multidrug-resistant
bacteria to healthcare workers' gloves and gowns after patient contact increases
with environmental contamination. Crit Care Med. 40, 1045-1051, 2012.
51.
Altman DG. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. 1st edition. London:
Chapman and Hall; 1990.
59
52.
Hayden MK, Blom DW, Lyle EA, et al. Risk of hand or glove contamination
after contact with patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus or
the colonized patients' environment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 29, 149154, 2008.
53.
Thom KA, Rock C, Jackson SS, et al. Factors Leading to Transmission Risk of
Acinetobacter baumannii. Crit Care Med. 45, e633-e639, 2017.
54.
O'Hara LM, Calfee DP, Miller LG, et al. Optimizing Contact Precautions to
Curb the Spread of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Hospitals: A Multicenter
Cohort Study to Identify Patient Characteristics and Healthcare Personnel
Interactions Associated With Transmission of Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 69, S171-s177, 2019.
55.
Jackson SS, Harris AD, Magder LS, et al. Bacterial burden is associated with
increased transmission to health care workers from patients colonized with
vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Am J Infect Control. 47, 13-17, 2019.
56.
Jackson SS, Thom KA, Magder LS, et al. Patient contact is the main risk factor
for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of healthcare workers'
gloves and gowns in the intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 39,
1063-1067, 2018.
60
57.
Morgan DJ, Liang SY, Smith CL, et al. Frequent multidrug-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii contamination of gloves, gowns, and hands of
healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 31, 716-721, 2010.
58.
Snyder GM, Thom KA, Furuno JP, et al. Detection of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci on the gowns and
gloves of healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 29, 583-589, 2008.
59.
Hayden MK, Bonten MJ, Blom DW, et al. Reduction in acquisition of
vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus after enforcement of routine environmental
cleaning measures. Clin Infect Dis. 42, 1552-1560, 2006.
60.
Mulvey D, Mayer J, Visnovsky L, et al. Frequent and unexpected deviations
from personal protective equipment guidelines increase contamination risks. Am
J Infect Control. 47, 1146-1147, 2019.
61.
Hu X, Zhang Z, Li N, et al. Self-reported use of personal protective equipment
among Chinese critical care clinicians during 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.
PLoS One. 7, e44723, 2012.
62.
Phan LT, Maita D, Mortiz DC, et al. Personal protective equipment doffing
practices of healthcare workers. J Occup Environ Hyg. 16, 575-581, 2019.
63.
Beam EL, Gibbs SG, Boulter KC, et al. A method for evaluating health care
61
workers' personal protective equipment technique. Am J Infect Control. 39, 415420, 2011.
64.
Doll M, Feldman M, Hartigan S, et al. Acceptability and Necessity of Training
for Optimal Personal Protective Equipment Use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
38, 226-229, 2017.
65.
Beam EL, Gibbs SG, Hewlett AL, et al. Method for investigating nursing
behaviors related to isolation care. Am J Infect Control. 42, 1152-1156, 2014.
66.
Osei-Bonsu K, Masroor N, Cooper K, et al. Alternative doffing strategies of
personal protective equipment to prevent self-contamination in the health care
setting. Am J Infect Control. 47, 534-539, 2019.
67.
Zellmer C, Van Hoof S, Safdar N. Variation in health care worker removal of
personal protective equipment. Am J Infect Control. 43, 750-751, 2015.
68.
Honda H, Iwata K. Personal protective equipment and improving compliance
among healthcare workers in high-risk settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 29, 400406, 2016.
69.
Mumma JM, Durso FT, Ferguson AN, et al. Human Factors Risk Analyses of a
Doffing Protocol for Ebola-Level Personal Protective Equipment: Mapping
Errors to Contamination. Clin Infect Dis. 66, 950-958, 2018.
62
70.
Edmond MB, Diekema DJ, Perencevich EN. Ebola virus disease and the need
for new personal protective equipment. Jama. 312, 2495-2496, 2014.
71.
Baloh J, Reisinger HS, Dukes K, et al. Healthcare Workers' Strategies for
Doffing Personal Protective Equipment. Clin Infect Dis. 69, S192-s198, 2019.
72.
Ganczak M, Szych Z. Surgical nurses and compliance with personal protective
equipment. J Hosp Infect. 66, 346-351, 2007.
73.
Ogoina D, Pondei K, Adetunji B, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of
standard precautions of infection control by hospital workers in two tertiary
hospitals in Nigeria. J Infect Prev. 16, 16-22, 2015.
74.
Lien TQ, Chuc NTK, Hoa NQ, et al. Knowledge and self-reported practices of
infection control among various occupational groups in a rural and an urban
hospital in Vietnam. Sci Rep. 8, 5119, 2018.
75.
Hung PP, Choi KS, Chiang VC. Using interactive computer simulation for
teaching the proper use of personal protective equipment. Comput Inform Nurs.
33, 49-57, 2015.
76.
Curtis HA, Trang K, Chason KW, et al. Video-Based Learning vs Traditional
Lecture for Instructing Emergency Medicine Residents in Disaster Medicine
Principles of Mass Triage, Decontamination, and Personal Protective
63
Equipment. Prehosp Disaster Med. 33, 7-12, 2018.
77.
Casalino E, Astocondor E, Sanchez JC, et al. Personal protective equipment for
the Ebola virus disease: A comparison of 2 training programs. Am J Infect
Control. 43, 1281-1287, 2015.
78.
Picard C, Edlund M, Keddie C, et al. The effects of trained observers (dofficers)
and audits during a facility-wide COVID-19 outbreak: A mixed-methods quality
improvement analysis. Am J Infect Control. 49, 1136-1141, 2021.
79.
Pineles L, Morgan DJ, Lydecker A, et al. Transmission of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus to health care worker gowns and gloves during care of
residents in Veterans Affairs nursing homes. Am J Infect Control. 45, 947-953,
2017.
80.
Stiefel U, Cadnum JL, Eckstein BC, et al. Contamination of hands with
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after contact with environmental
surfaces and after contact with the skin of colonized patients. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol. 32, 185-187, 2011.
81.
Okamoto K, Rhee Y, Schoeny M, et al. Flocked nylon swabs versus RODAC
plates for detection of multidrug-resistant organisms on environmental surfaces
in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect. 98, 105-108, 2018.
64
82.
Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Chenevert C, et al. Environmental contamination
due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control
implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 18, 622-627, 1997.
83.
Popovich KJ, Green SJ, Okamoto K, et al. MRSA Transmission in Intensive
Care Units: Genomic Analysis of Patients, Their Environments, and Healthcare
Workers. Clin Infect Dis. 72, 1879-1887, 2021.
65
謝辞
本研究の実施、本論文の作成にあたって、ご指導ご鞭撻を賜りました森屋恭爾
東京大学大学院医学系研究科感染症・生体防御学教授、ラッシュ大学メディカル
センター感染症科 Robert Weinstein 教授、Mary Hayden 教授、Kyle Popovich 准教
授に心より感謝を申し上げます。また、ラッシュ大学感染症科の Yoona Rhee 先
生、Jennifer Cheng 先生、Shivani Reddy 先生、ラッシュ大学統計学教室の Michael
Schoeny 先生、ラッシュ大学メディカルセンター微生物検査室の Karen Lolans 先
生、Melanie Carr 氏、Patricia Mangan 氏、Grace McIlroy 氏、ラッシュ大学 Efrain
Salazar 氏、George P. Warpinski 氏にご協力とご助言を賜りましたことを厚くお礼
申し上げます。
66
...
論文の公開元へ
