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THE CAPTIONS OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Fig. 1.— Drone image showing the breached levee, crevasse channel, and crevasse-splay deposit
associated with the October 2019 flooding of the Chikuma River in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan
(provided by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan). The house with black roof in the
bottom left corner of the image is approximately 6–7 m high.
Fig. 2.— Experimental facilities. The grid interval of the floodplain is 10 cm (Runs 1–3) and 5 cm
(Runs 4–6).
Fig. 3.— The experimental procedures of three breach patterns A–C. The acrylic board controlled
the water level in the flume at the downstream edge.
Fig. 4.— Experimental deposits in Runs 1–6.
Fig. 5.— The formation process of the crevasse-splay deposits with the shift in the crevasse
channel direction in Run 4. A) 20 s after the flow overflowing started. B) 5 s, C) 30 s, and D) 120 s
after the levee breach.
Fig. 6.— Variation in flow velocity in the crevasse channel in Runs 4 and 6.
Fig. 7.— Orthophotos of experimental deposits and digital elevation model of the crevasse-splay
38
deposit measured by image analysis in A) Run 2, B) Run 3, and C) Run 5.
Fig. 8.— Experimental deposit in Run 4. A) Orthophoto. B) Digital elevation model of the
crevasse-splay deposit measured by image analysis. C) Volume per unit area (5 cm grid) measured
by sampling. The variation along the transect is shown in Fig. 10. D) Ratio of green sand in the total.
Fig. 9.— Experimental deposit in Run 6. A) Orthophoto. B) Digital elevation model of the
crevasse-splay deposit measured by image analysis. C) Volume per unit area (5 cm grid) measured
by sampling. The variation along the transect is shown in Fig. 10. D) Ratio of green sand in the total.
Fig. 10.— Volume per unit area variation along the transects parallel (P–P') and perpendicular (T–
T') to the main channel in Runs 4 and 6.
Table 1.— Experiment conditions. Breaching patterns A–C are explained in the main text and Fig.
3. Times indicate the elapsed time after the experiment started.
Table 2.— Comparison of hydraulic conditions in the experiments and in the actual river
(Chikuma River); grain size of fine sediment in the Chikuma River is not given here because the
fine-grained material in the Chikuma River exhibited a broad grain size distribution and
flocculation may have occurred.
39
Kato et al., Fig. 1
Kato et al., Fig. 2
Pattern A (Runs 1–2: instantaneous breaching)
Sluice gate (35 cm wide)
20 cm
Breach
Water depth before the breach
8 cm (Run 1), 4 cm (Run 2)
Water and colored sand
Pattern B (Run 3: gradual breaching)
8 cm
6 cm+
Overflow
6 cm
1st breach
6 cm
Breach
6 cm
2nd breach
Pattern C (Runs 4–6: overflow to breach)
8 cm
6 cm+
Overflow
Kato et al., Fig. 3
Kato et al., Fig. 4
Kato et al., Fig. 5
Flow velocity in the crevasse channel (cm/s)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
50
100
Time after experiment started (s)
150
Kato et al., Fig. 6
Kato et al., Fig. 7
Kato et al., Fig. 8
Kato et al., Fig. 9
Volume per unit area (mm)
Volume per unit area (mm)
Volume per unit area (mm)
Volume per unit area (mm)
Run 4
Sluice gate
Along transect P–P'
P'
Run 4
Main channel
Proximal splay
Distal splay
Upstream pile
Downstream
pile
Along transect T–T'
T'
Along transect P–P'
P'
Run 6
Sluice gate
Run 6
Main channel
Proximal splay
Distal splay
Downstream
pile
Upstream pile
Along transect T–T'
T'
Kato et al., Fig. 10
Table 1
Experiment
name
Water temperature
[℃ ]
Breach
pattern
Floodplain
tilt [%]
Water depth at
overflow [cm]
Water depth just
before breach [cm]
Run 1
21.5
Flat
Run 2
20.2
Flat
Run 3
21.3
Flat
6+
6 (1st), 6 (2nd)
Run 4
22.4
−1.4 to −1.0
6+
Run 5
23.0
Flat
6+
Run 6
22.0
Flat
6+
Start of
overflow [s]
Start of
levee breach [s]
Stop of
water flow [s]
Concentration in
downstream edge
[%]
Concentration
in tank [%]
Grid interval [cm]
52
126
2.21
10
52
220
1.90
10
105 116 (1st), 124 (2nd)
223
2.33
10
39
66
226
1.20
33
62
174
2.28
0.47
58
86
228
1.33
1.33
...
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