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Small-scale cultivation of medicinal plants : Factors of adoption and analysis of impacts in tribal community of Gujarat, India

Chauhan, Sonali Hasmukh 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002004268

2022.06.22

概要

Introduction
Medicinal plants have been defined as those plants that are commonly used in treating and preventing specific ailments and diseases and that are generally considered to play a beneficial role in healthcare (Srivastava, Lambert & Vietmeyer, 1996). Medicinal plants have been historically important for human healthcare, and continue to play a crucial role in both rural healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.

According to WHO, 70-80% of the human population depends on traditional medicines sourced from medicinal plants for their primary healthcare needs (WHO, 2002). The recurrent theme in the development studies literature has been its role in income generation activity for the forest communities, in addition to the role of medicinal plants in the traditional healthcare systems. It has been suggested that cultivation may reduce the harvesting pressure on medicinal species with higher cultivation demand and hence should be promoted as an income generation activity for smallholder farmers.

Medicinal plants, despite their common usage, are seldom cultivated by farmers due to the lack of knowledge of cultivation method, proper harvesting time and method, post-harvest processing and storage as well as lack of knowledge of market of medicinal plants. However, so far there has been no research that is done in terms of studying the underlying factors that affect this adoption and the impact of such an intervention on farmer's income and livelihood.

Methodology
To introduce medicinal plants cultivation as a technological intervention package and to evaluate its adoption and impact, the following questions need to be addressed. Is the medicinal plant species adaptable to that environment? What is the economic impact of the adoption, what is the socio-economic importance of medicinal plants in that community, what are the factors that are correlated with adoption decision? To address the main research question a multidimensional, single-case case study approach which elucidates the different aspects related to cultivation of medicinal plants on a small scale.

To address the impact of the medicinal plants on the community, first, the usage of medicinal plant in the community and its knowledge gaps are filled by investigating the edible wilds that are collected from the forest, since there is previous investigation about the medicinal plants that are utilized for income generation and for healthcare.

Next, the growing environment of the medicinal plant and the biophysical factors associated with it are investigated by modelling the factors affecting the rate of survival of the medicinal species grown in the growing environment and the factors affecting the relative plant height. Stepwise regression analysis is utilized to address the factors affecting the rate of survival and relative plant height for different medicinal plant species

The factors related to the binary choice of adoption are modelled by using logit regression analysis. The different rates of adoption amongst the growers are defined, and the different socio-economic factors of the growers investigated for correlations with the adoption rates and interest in the cultivation of medicinal plants. The impact of cultivation under SHG membership is evaluated by average treatment on the treated, using propensity score matching technique.

Results and Discussion
It was found that the medicinal plants are important for this community in three ways. The medicinal plants are utilized for healthcare subsistence, income generation as non-wood forest product harvest as well as collection of wild edible plants for their dietary subsistence. The knowledge gap regarding the different usage was filled by the enumeration of the edible wilds that are collected by them for their dietary needs. In addition, it was found that the collection patterns and consumption patterns from different habitats are different according to different seasons. This highlighted on the socio-cultural importance of medicinal plants.

Regarding the growing environment of medicinal plants, it was found that the factors related to the rate of survival were species specific. The soil properties of the study site was not a limiting factor in general for the survival and relative plant height of the species.

For the adoption decision of cultivation it was found that age was irrelevant; however, literacy level was one of the factors that affected the adoption decision. In fact, knowledge about medicinal plants was the biggest determinant of adoption decision. Development indicators like cellphone and toilet ownership were also associated with the adoption decision. Direct impact was observed in the form of increase in the income of the HH (per capita) cultivating medicinal plants. Additionally there is also an indirect effect on livelihood as seen in the decrease in the number of wage labour days

The different socio-economic factors are correlated with the different rates of adoption of cultivation of medicinal plants by the growers, some institutional and human capital factors are positively correlated for the cultivation. It was found that agricultural related aid was positively correlated with the different rates of adoption and it highlights the importance of extending additional aid not directly related to the knowledge of medicinal plants that are correlated with the adoption.

Conclusion
This study highlighted the impact of small scale cultivation of medicinal plants on the Vasava community. It improved their livelihood by offering them an alternative source of income generation from their available land resources and by reducing the number of days of outmigration in wage labour. The study showed that per capita household income increased due to the adoption under the SHG membership. In addition, this technology was adopted and preferred by illiterate farmers with previous knowledge of medicinal plants which is the case of most tribal communities in India and hence, it is likely a good option for other parts of. India as well. It was also found that intervention aid related to agriculture are positively correlated with increased rates of adoption showing the importance of indirect ways to promote the cultivation of medicinal plants. Thus, this thesis is the first report of analysing small scale cultivation of medicinal plants as adoption of technology package and elucidating its impact on the community.

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