1. Salcido, R. et al. Histopathology of pressure ulcers as a result of sequential computer-controlled pressure sessions in a fuzzy rat model. Advances in wound care: the journal for prevention and healing 7, 23–4, 26, 28 passim (1994).
2. Peirce, S. M., Skalak, T. C. & Rodeheaver, G. T. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronic pressure ulcer formation: a skin model in the rat. Wound repair and regeneration: official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society 8, 68–76 (2000).
3. Stadler, I., Zhang, R. Y., Oskoui, P., Whittaker, M. S. & Lanzafame, R. J. Development of a simple, noninvasive, clinically relevant model of pressure ulcers in the mouse. Journal of Investigative Surgery 17, 221–227 (2004).
4. Pretto, E. A. Reperfusion injury of the liver. Transplantation proceedings 23, 1912–4 (1991).
5. Woolfson, R. G., Millar, C. G. & Neild, G. H. Ischaemia and reperfusion injury in the kidney: current status and future direction. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 9, 1529–31 (1994).
6. Carroll, W. R. & Esclamado, R. M. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in microvascular surgery. Head & neck 22, 700–13 (2000).
7. Kasuya, A., Sakabe, J. I. & Tokura, Y. Potential application of in vivo imaging of impaired lymphatic duct to evaluate the severity of pressure ulcer in mouse model. Scientific Reports 4, 4173 (2014).
8. Tatemoto, K. et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 251, 471–476 (1998).
9. Lee, D. L. et al. Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor. Journal of Neurochemistry 74, 34–41 (2000).
10. Berry, M. F. et al. Apelin has in vivo inotropic effects on normal and failing hearts. Circulation 110, 187–193 (2004).
11. Kidoya, H. & Takakura, N. Biology of the apelin-APJ axis in vascular formation. Journal of Biochemistry 152, 125–131 (2012).
12. Kidoya, H. et al. APJ Regulates Parallel Alignment of Arteries and Veins in the Skin. Developmental Cell 33, 247–259 (2015).
13. Boucher, J. et al. Apelin, a newly identified adipokine up-regulated by insulin and obesity. Endocrinology 146, 1764–1771 (2005).
14. Day, R. T., Cavaglieri, R. C. & Feliers, D. Apelin retards the progression of diabetic nephropathy. American Journal of Physiology- Renal Physiology 304, F788–F800 (2013).
15. Nishida, M. et al. The Role of Apelin on the Alleviative Effect of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction- Induced Renal Fibrosis. Nephron Extra 2, 39–47 (2012).
16. Bircan, B., Çakır, M., Kırbağ, S. & Gül, H. F. Effect of apelin hormone on renal ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative damage in rats. Renal Failure 38, 1122–1128 (2016).
17. Zeng, X. J. et al. Apelin protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. Peptides 30, 1144–1152 (2009).
18. Yang, Y. et al. Apelin-13 protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury through activating PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Neuroscience Letters 568, 44–49 (2014).
19. Saito, Y. et al. The loss of MCP-1 attenuates cutaneous ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse model of pressure ulcer. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 128, 1838–1851 (2008).
20. Motegi, S. et al. Protective effect of mesenchymal stem cells on the pressure ulcer formation by the regulation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Scientific Reports 7, 17186 (2017).
21. Sendoel, A. & Hengartner, M. O. Apoptotic Cell Death Under Hypoxia. Physiology 29, 168–176 (2014).
22. Uchiyama, A. et al. Protective Effect of MFG-E8 after Cutaneous Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 135, 1157–1165 (2015).
23. Uchiyama, A. et al. Topical betamethasone butyrate propionate exacerbates pressure ulcers after cutaneous ischemia–reperfusion injury. Experimental Dermatology 25, 678–683 (2016).
24. Oikawa, D., Akai, R., Tokuda, M. & Iwawaki, T. A transgenic mouse model for monitoring oxidative stress. Scientific Reports 2, 229 (2012).
25. Takahashi, S. et al. An Nrf2/Small Maf Heterodimer Mediates the Induction of Phase II Detoxifying Enzyme Genes through Antioxidant Response Elements. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 236, 313–322 (2002).
26. Sekiguchi, A. et al. Botulinum toxin B suppresses the pressure ulcer formation in cutaneous ischemia-reperfusion injury mouse model: Possible regulation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Journal of Dermatological Science 90, 144–153 (2018).
27. Sun, C.-K. et al. Melatonin treatment enhances therapeutic effects of exosomes against acute liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. American journal of translational research 9, 1543–1560 (2017).
28. Takagi, T. et al. Temporal activation of Nrf2 in the penumbra and Nrf2 activator-mediated neuroprotection in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 72, 124–133 (2014).
29. Sun, N. et al. GluR6-FasL-Trx2 mediates denitrosylation and activation of procaspase-3 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Cell death & disease 4, e771 (2013).
30. Brame, A. L. et al. Design, characterization, and first-in-human study of the vascular actions of a novel biased apelin receptor agonist. Hypertension 65, 834–840 (2015).
31. Yang, P., Maguire, J. J. & Davenport, A. P. Apelin, Elabela/Toddler, and biased agonists as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular system. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 36, 560–567 (2015).
32. Bao, H. J., Zhang, L., Han, W. C. & Dai, D. K. Apelin-13 Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Damage by Suppressing Autophagy. Neurochemical Research 40, 89–97 (2014).
33. Zeng, X. J., Yu, S. P., Zhang, L. & Wei, L. Neuroprotective effect of the endogenous neural peptide apelin in cultured mouse cortical neurons. Experimental Cell Research 316, 1773–1783 (2010).
34. Sorli, S. C., Le Gonidec, S., Knibiehler, B. & Audigier, Y. Apelin is a potent activator of tumour neoangiogenesis. Oncogene 26, 7692–7699 (2007).
35. Kidoya, H. et al. Spatial and temporal role of the apelin/APJ system in the caliber size regulation of blood vessels during angiogenesis. EMBO Journal 27, 522–534 (2008).
36. Duan, J. et al. Neuroprotective effect of Apelin 13 on ischemic stroke by activating AMPK/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling. Journal of Neuroinflammation 16, 24 (2019).
37. Than, A. et al. Apelin attenuates Oxidative stress in human Adipocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 289, 3763–3774 (2014).
38. Sakai, K. et al. Protective effect and mechanism of IL-10 on renal ischemia–reperfusion injury. Laboratory Investigation 99, 671–683 (2019).
39. Xiao, J. et al. Cardiac protection by basic fibroblast growth factor from ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in diabetic rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 33, 444–449 (2010).
40. Lefer, A. M., Ma, X. L., Weyrich, A. S. & Scalia, R. Mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of transforming growth factor β1 in feline myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90, 1018–1022 (1993).
41. Yokoyama, Y. et al. Inhibitory Regulation of Skin Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis by Apelin/APJ Signaling. Arthritis and Rheumatology 70, 1661–1672 (2018).
42. Motegi, S. et al. Pericyte-derived MFG-E8 regulates pathologic angiogenesis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 31, 2024–2034 (2011).
43. Uchiyama, A. et al. Protective effect of botulinum toxin A after cutaneous ischemia-reperfusion injury. Scientific Reports 5, 9072 (2015).
44. Motegi, S. et al. Increased susceptibility to oxidative stress- and ultraviolet A-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts in atypical progeroid syndrome/atypical Werner syndrome with LMNA mutation. Experimental Dermatology 25, 20–27 (2016).