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A study on the involvement of men and women in freshwater aquaculture in northwestern Madagascar

RAZAFINDRABE, Miarisoa 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002004951

2022.06.22

概要

Aquaculture has a tremendous growth in the global economy. The contribution of the sector on income improvement, food security, ultimately on poverty alleviation and sustainable rural development is well-documented in the literature. Despite the increasing demand of fish, aquaculture remains underdeveloped in Madagascar. A wide range of studies particularly highlights the significant contribution of women in the sector. Yet, they are generally not recognized and not considered in research, in national statistics and development strategies. Studies informing about men and women in the aquaculture sector in Africa are scarce. In particular, they remain a largely unexplored topic in Madagascar where aquaculture is still at the beginning of its development. To get a gender disaggregated data, the concept of gender and intersectionality were applied in this study. The concept of gender appears to mostly reflect the dimensions of inequalities and it suggested that these norms are importantly produce differences and inequalities between the two genders. Whereas, the intersectionality concept analyzes the simultaneous interaction of multiple factors of involvement. Based on the findings of gender issues and intersectionality, we also suggest policy implications. As a study site, the Boeny region, the northwest of Madagascar is targeted.

Chapter 2, I described the general status of men and women namely on the typical gender roles, the access to services, the access and decision-making over assets and, social networks. Even though over the half of the population lives in the rural area and that men and women are both active in the major agricultural works, the rural areas of Madagascar remains under-developed. Knowing the ground realities of the farmers in a gender perspective would contribute to the understanding and suggesting a better strategies of development. This study presents a gender-disaggregated data from twenty-seven key informants through interviews and field observations. Qualitative and descriptive methods are mainly used. Findings expose four main elements: gender norms give importance of men and women’s roles inside and outside home, services are generally non-discriminative and accessible for men and women/boys and girls. However, decision-making and assets ownership are normally male dominant. In addition, local networks are non-gender discriminative and promote role complementarity and the sense of togetherness. This chapter discuss the link between norms and the Malagasy proverbs also called ohabolana which mainly illustrate the roles and behaviors of people in the rural areas. They were often cited by the respondents as describing the gender roles, the decision-making and the behavior of togetherness in social networks.

In chapter 3, the factors and difference of involvement of men and women in the freshwater aquaculture were studied. This study identifies the factors determining the individual decision to get involved in aquaculture sector for both men and women through a case study in Madagascar. A rich body of scholarly literature shows that women play an important contribution in the aquaculture sector, particularly in South Asia and Africa. At the same time, the literature shows that multiple factors, such as lack of access to assets and gender norms, hinder women’s full participation. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and questionnaires in the northwestern part of Madagascar, where a Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) project was implemented to promote aquaculture. To reveal the difference between men’s and women’s involvement, the quantitative data on involvement variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test (U’), and hierarchical cluster analysis and random forest analysis were used to determine the factors influencing the involvement of men and women. Our study confirms that men have higher involvement in aquaculture than women do. Moreover, it argues that women’s decision-making power and gender norms prevalent in this region are the most influential factors that determine both men’s and women’s involvement in aquaculture.

In chapter 4, I focus on women overcoming the norms to be involved in aquaculture through an intersectionality perspective. Looking at gender alone cannot capture women’s constraints and opportunities. Intersectionality, as a conceptual framework of this study, helps to understand how women get involved in aquaculture despite the persisting norms in their community. This research presents the case of Madagascar where only few women could be highly involved in aquaculture. I gathered qualitative data from fourteen women and analyzed by categorization and interactions between categories. The intersections of social identities such as marital status, group awareness, technical knowledge and husband’s job enable women to be active in aquaculture. The interactions of these identities producing a decision-making power and leadership were discussed.

Finally, the correlation between the main findings of these three main chapters and their implications were discussed. Norms were found simultaneously serve as hindrances and opportunities regarding the involvement of men and women in aquaculture. They prevail as the main hindrances for women, whereas as opportunities for men especially mainly in terms of access to assets and decisionmaking. However, drawing from the Malagasy proverbs or ohabolana, these norms also promote complementarity and the sense of togetherness enabling particularly women to be involved in local social networks. In addition, the results of the intersectionality study present additional enabling factors for women to be able to involve in aquaculture. Policy implications related to the empowerment of the two genders in the aquaculture sector were suggested.

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