Chapter 1
(1) Adler, E. Wood Science Anci Technology. Wood Sci. 1977, 8.
(2) Hon, D. N. S. Cellulose: A Random Walk along Its Historical Path. Cellulose 1994, 1 (1), 1–25.
(3) 磯貝明. セルロースの科学, 第6版.; 朝倉書店, 2012.
(4) Lindström, T.; Christian, A.; Ali, N.; Mikael, A. Microfibrillated Cellulose. In Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology; 2002.
(5) Nishiyama, Y. Structure and Properties of the Cellulose Microfibril. J. Wood Sci. 2009, 55 (4), 241–249.
(6) Sakurada, I.; Nakamae, K.; Kaji, K.; Wadano, S. Experimental Determination of Elastic Moduli of the Crystalline Regions in Oriented Polymers. Kobunshi Kagaku 1966, 23 (257), 651–654.
(7) Šturcová, A.; Davies, G. R.; Eichhorn, S. J. Elastic Modulus and Stress-Transfer Properties of Tunicate Cellulose Whiskers. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6 (2), 1055–1061.
(8) Iwamoto, S.; Kai, W.; Isogai, A.; Iwata, T. Elastic Modulus of Single Cellulose Microfibrils from Tunicate Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy. Biomacromolecules 2009, 10 (9), 2571–2576.
(9) Saito, T.; Kuramae, R.; Wohlert, J.; Berglund, L. A.; Isogai, A. An Ultrastrong Nanofibrillar Biomaterial: The Strength of Single Cellulose Nanofibrils Revealed via Sonication-Induced Fragmentation. Biomacromolecules 2013, 14 (1), 248–253.
(10) Hori, R.; Wada, M. The Thermal Expansion of Wood Cellulose Crystals. Cellulose 2005, 12 (5), 479–484.
(11) Isogai, A.; Saito, T.; Fukuzumi, H. TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers. Nanoscale 2011, 3 (1), 71–85.
(12) Klemm, D.; Kramer, F.; Moritz, S.; Lindström, T.; Ankerfors, M.; Gray, D.; Dorris, A. Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature-Based Materials. Angew. Chemie 2011, 50 (24), 5438–5466.
(13) Rånby, B. G. FIBROUS MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS. CELLULOSE AND MUSCLE. THE COLLOIDAL PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE MICELLES. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, IV (111), 158–164.
(14) Araki, J.; Wada, M.; Kuga, S.; Okano, T. Flow Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose Suspension Prepared by Acid Treatment of Native Cellulose. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 1998, 142 (1), 75–82.
(15) Favier, V.; Chanzy, H.; Cavaillé, J. Y. Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced by Cellulose Whiskers. Macromolecules 1995, 28 (18), 6365–6367.
(16) Habibi, Y.; Foulon, L.; Aguié-Béghin, V.; Molinari, M.; Douillard, R. Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Cellulose Nanocrystals: Preparation and Characterization. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 316 (2), 388–397.
(17) Hanley, S. J.; Giasson, J.; Revol, J.; Gray, D. G. Atomic Force Microscopy of Cellulose Microfibrils: Comparison with Transmission Electron Microscopy. Polymer (Guildf). 1992, 33 (21), 4639–4642.
(18) Dong, X. M.; Revol, J. F.; Gray, D. G. Effect of Microcrystallite Preparation Conditions on the Formation of Colloid Crystals of Cellulose. Cellulose 1998, 5 (1), 19–32.
(19) Araki, J.; Wada, M.; Kuga, S.; Okano, T. Birefringent Glassy Phase of a Cellulose Microcrystal Suspension. Langmuir 2000, 16 (6), 2413–2415.
(20) Guo, J.; Catchmark, J. M. Surface Area and Porosity of Acid Hydrolyzed Cellulose Nanowhiskers and Cellulose Produced by Gluconacetobacter Xylinus. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 87 (2), 1026–1037.
(21) Habibi, Y.; Lucia, L. A.; Rojas, O. J. Cellulose Nanocrystals: Chemistry, Self-Assembly, and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110 (6), 3479–3500.
(22) Marchessault, R. H.; Morehead, F. F.; Walter, N. M. Liquid Crystal Systems from Fibrillar Polysaccharides. Nature 1959, 184 (4686), 632–633.
(23) Revol, J. F.; Bradford, H.; Giasson, J.; Marchessault, R. H.; Gray, D. G. Helicoidal Self-Ordering of Cellulose Microfibrils in Aqueous Suspension. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1992, 14 (3), 170–172.
(24) Lagerwall, J. P. F.; Schütz, C.; Salajkova, M.; Noh, J.; Park, J. H.; Scalia, G.; Bergström, L. Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Materials: From Liquid Crystal Self-Assembly and Glass Formation to Multifunctional Thin Films. NPG Asia Mater. 2014, 6 (1), 1–12.
(25) Azizi Samir, M. A. S.; Alloin, F.; Dufresne, A. Review of Recent Research intoCellulosic Whiskers, Their Properties and Their Application in Nanocomposite Field. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6 (2), 612–626.
(26) Turbak, A. F.; Snyder, F. W.; Sandberg, K. R. Microfibrillated Cellulose, a New Cellulose Product: Properties, Uses, and Commercial Potential. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 1983, 37, 815–827.
(27) Herrick, F. W.; Casebier, R. L.; Hamilton, J. K.; Sandberg, K. R. Microfibrillated Cellulose: Morphology and Accessibility. In J. Appl. Polym. Sci.: Appl. Polym. Symp; 1983; Vol. 37.
(28) Chakraborty, A.; Sain, M.; Kortschot, M. Cellulose Microfibrils: A Novel Method of Preparation Using High Shear Refining and Cryocrushing. Holzforschung 2005, 59 (1), 102–107.
(29) Bhatnagar, A.; Sain, M. Processing of Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2005, 24 (12), 1259–1268.
(30) Wang, B.; Sain, M.; Oksman, K. Study of Structural Morphology of Hemp Fiber from the Micro to the Nanoscale. Appl. Compos. Mater. 2007, 14 (2), 89–103.
(31) Alemdar, A.; Sain, M. Isolation and Characterization of Nanofibers from Agricultural Residues - Wheat Straw and Soy Hulls. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99 (6), 1664–1671.
(32) Taniguchi, T.; Okamura, K. New Films Produced from Microfibrillated Natural Fibres Polym. Int. 1998, 47 (3), 291–294.
(33) Iwamoto, S.; Nakagaito, A. N.; Yano, H.; Nogi, M. Optically Transparent Composites Reinforced with Plant Fiber-Based Nanofibers. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2005, 81 (6), 1109–1112.
(34) Nakagaito, A. N.; Yano, H. Novel High-Strength Biocomposites Based on Microfibrillated Cellulose Having Nano-Order-Unit Web-like Network Structure. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2005, 80 (1), 155–159.
(35) Iwamoto, S.; Nakagaito, A. N.; Yano, H. Nano-Fibrillation of Pulp Fibers for the Processing of Transparent Nanocomposites. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2007, 89 (2), 461–466.
(36) Dufresne, A. Cellulose Microfibrils from Potato Tuber Cells : Processing and Characterization of Starch – Cellulose Microfibril Composites. Polymer (Guildf). 2000, 76 (14), 2080–2092.
(37) Henriksson, M.; Henriksson, G.; Berglund, L. A.; Lindström, T. An Environmentally Friendly Method for Enzyme-Assisted Preparation of Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) Nanofibers. Eur. Polym. J. 2007, 43 (8), 3434–3441.
(38) Pääkko, M.; Ankerfors, M.; Kosonen, H.; Nykänen, A.; Ahola, S.; Österberg, M.; Ruokolainen, J.; Laine, J.; Larsson, P. T.; Ikkala, O.; Lindström, T. Enzymatic Hydrolysis Combined with Mechanical Shearing and High-Pressure Homogenization for Nanoscale Cellulose Fibrils and Strong Gels. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8 (6), 1934–1941.
(39) López-Rubio, A.; Lagaron, J. M.; Ankerfors, M.; Lindström, T.; Nordqvist, D.; Mattozzi, A.; Hedenqvist, M. S. Enhanced Film Forming and Film Properties of Amylopectin Using Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose. Carbohydr. Polym. 2007, 68 (4), 718–727.
(40) Svagan, A. J.; Azizi Samir, M. A. S.; Berglund, L. A. Biomimetic Polysaccharide Nanocomposites of High Cellulose Content and High Toughness. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8 (8), 2556–2563.
(41) Wågberg, L.; Winter, L.; Ödberg, L.; Lindström, T. On the Charge Stoichiometry upon Adsorption of a Cationic Polyelectrolyte on Cellulosic Materials. Colloids and Surfaces 1987, 27 (1–3), 163–173.
(42) Wågberg, L.; Decher, G.; Norgren, M.; Lindström, T.; Ankerfors, M.; Axnäs, K. The Build-up of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers of Microfibrillated Cellulose and Cationic Polyelectrolytes. Langmuir 2008, 24 (3), 784–795.
(43) Liimatainen, H.; Visanko, M.; Sirviö, J. A.; Hormi, O. E. O.; Niinimaki, J. Enhancement of the Nanofibrillation of Wood Cellulose through Sequential Periodate-Chlorite Oxidation. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13 (5), 1592–1597.
(44) Abe, K.; Iwamoto, S.; Yano, H. Obtaining Cellulose Nanofibers with a Uniform Width of 15 Nm from Wood. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8 (10), 3276–3278.
(45) Saito, T.; Nishiyama, Y.; Putaux, J. L.; Vignon, M.; Isogai, A. Homogeneous Suspensions of Individualized Microfibrils from TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation of Native Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7 (6), 1687–1691.
(46) Saito, T.; Kimura, S.; Nishiyama, Y.; Isogai, A. Cellulose Nanofibers Prepared by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Native Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8 (8), 2485–2491.
(47) Hubbe, M. a.; Rojas, O. J.; Lucia, L. a.; Sain, M. Cellulosic Nanocomposites: A Review. BioResources 2008, 3 (3), 929–980.
(48) Eichhorn, S. J.; Dufresne, A.; Aranguren, M.; Marcovich, N. E.; Capadona, J. R.; Rowan, S. J.; Weder, C.; Thielemans, W.; Roman, M.; Renneckar, S.; Gindl, W.; Veigel, S.; Keckes, J.; Yano, H.; Abe, K.; Nogi, M.; Nakagaito, A. N.; Mangalam, A.; Simonsen, J.; Benight, A. S.; Bismarck, A.; Berglund, L. A.; Peijs, T. Review: Current International Research into Cellulose Nanofibres and Nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 2010, 45 (1), 1–33.
(49) Moon, R. J.; Martini, A.; Nairn, J.; Simonsen, J.; Youngblood, J. Cellulose Nanomaterials Review: Structure, Properties and Nanocomposites; 2011; Vol. 40.
(50) Favier, V.; Canova, G. R.; Cavaillé, J. Y.; Chanzy, H.; Dufresne, A.; Gauthier, C. Nanocomposite Materials Form Latex and Cellulose Whiskers. Polym. Adv. Technol. 1995, 6 (5), 351–355.
(51) Halpin, J. C.; Kardos, J. L. Moduli of Crystalline Polymers Employing Composite Theory. J. Appl. Phys. 1972, 43 (5), 2235–2241.
(52) Takayanagi, M.; Uemura, S.; Minami, S. Application of Equivalent Model Method to Dynamic Rheo-Optical Properties of Crystallinepolymer. J. Polym. Sci. part C 1964, 5 (5), 113–122.
(53) N.Ouali, J. Y. C. & J. P. Elastic_Viscoelastic_and_Plastic_Behavior_of_Multi.Pdf. Plast. Rubber Compos. Process. Appl. 1991, 16 (No.1), 55–60.
(54) Nakagaito, A. N.; Yano, H. The Effect of Morphological Changes from Pulp Fiber towards Nano-Scale Fibrillated Cellulose on the Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Plant Fiber Based Composites. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2004, 78 (4), 547– 552.
(55) Henriksson, M.; Berglund, L. A. Structure and Properties of Cellulose Nanocomposite Films Containing Melamine Formaldehyde. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 106 (4), 2817–2824.
(56) Ansari, F.; Galland, S.; Johansson, M.; Plummer, C. J. G.; Berglund, L. A. Cellulose Nanofiber Network for Moisture Stable, Strong and Ductile Biocomposites and Increased Epoxy Curing Rate. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2014, 63, 35–44.
(57) Malainine, M. E.; Mahrouz, M.; Dufresne, A. Thermoplastic Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Microfibrils from Opuntia Ficus-Indica Parenchyma Cell. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005, 65 (10), 1520–1526.
(58) Samir, M. A. S. A.; Alloin, F.; Paillet, M.; Dufresne, A. Tangling Effect in Fibrillated Cellulose Reinforced Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2004, 37 (11), 4313–4316.
(59) Iwatake, A.; Nogi, M.; Yano, H. Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2008, 68 (9), 2103–2106.
(60) Cobut, A.; Sehaqui, H.; Berglund, L. A. Cellulose Nanocomposites by Melt Compounding of TEMPO-Treated Wood Fibers in Thermoplastic Starch Matrix. BioResources 2014, 9 (2), 3276–3289.
(61) Nogi, M.; Yano, H. Optically Transparent Nanofiber Sheets by Deposition of Transparent Materials: A Concept for a Roll-to-Roll Processing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94 (23), 233117.
(62) Yano, H.; Sugiyama, J.; Nakagaito, A. N.; Nogi, M.; Matsuura, T.; Hikita, M.; Handa, K. Optically Transparent Composites Reinforced with Networks of Bacterial Nanofibers. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17 (2), 153–155.
(63) Okahisa, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Miyaguchi, S.; Yano, H. Optically Transparent Wood-Cellulose Nanocomposite as a Base Substrate for Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2009, 69 (11–12), 1958–1961.
(64) Missoum, K.; Belgacem, M. N.; Bras, J. Nanofibrillated Cellulose Surface Modification: A Review. Materials (Basel). 2013, 6 (5), 1745–1766.
(65) Habibi, Y. Key Advances in the Chemical Modification of Nanocelluloses. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43 (5), 1519–1542.
(66) Kalia, S.; Boufi, S.; Celli, A.; Kango, S. Nanofibrillated Cellulose: Surface Modification and Potential Applications. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2014, 292 (1), 5–31.
(67) Sassi, J. F.; Chanzy, H. Ultrastructural Aspects of the Acetylation of Cellulose. Cellulose 1995, 2 (2), 111–127.
(68) Rodionova, G.; Lenes, M.; Eriksen, Ø.; Gregersen, Ø. Surface Chemical Modification of Microfibrillated Cellulose: Improvement of Barrier Properties for Packaging Applications. Cellulose 2011, 18 (1), 127–134.
(69) Kim, D. Y.; Nishiyama, Y.; Kuga, S. Surface Acetylation of Bacterial Cellulose. Cellulose 2002, 9 (3–4), 361–367.
(70) Jonoobi, M.; Harun, J.; Mathew, A. P.; Hussein, M. Z. B.; Oksman, K. Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibers with Hydrophobic Surface Characteristics. Cellulose 2010, 17 (2), 299–307.
(71) Nogi, M.; Abe, K.; Handa, K.; Nakatsubo, F.; Ifuku, S.; Yano, H. Property Enhancement of Optically Transparent Bionanofiber Composites by Acetylation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89 (23).
(72) Tingaut, P.; Zimmermann, T.; Lopez-Suevos, F. Synthesis and Characterization of Bionanocomposites with Tunable Properties from Poly(Lactic Acid) and Acetylated Microfibrillated Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11 (2), 454–464.
(73) Tingaut, P.; Eyholzer, C.; Zimmermann, T. Functional Polymer Nanocomposite Materials from Microfibrillated Cellulose. Adv. Nanocomposite Technol. 2011, 319– 334.
(74) Goussé, C.; Chanzy, H.; Excoffier, G.; Soubeyrand, L.; Fleury, E. Stable Suspensions of Partially Silylated Cellulose Whiskers Dispersed in Organic Solvents. Polymer (Guildf). 2002, 43 (9), 2645–2651.
(75) Goussé, C.; Chanzy, H.; Cerrada, M. L.; Fleury, E. Surface Silylation of Cellulose Microfibrils: Preparation and Rheological Properties. Polymer (Guildf). 2004, 45 (5), 1569–1575.
(76) Andresen, M.; Johansson, L. S.; Tanem, B. S.; Stenius, P. Properties and Characterization of Hydrophobized Microfibrillated Cellulose. Cellulose 2006, 13 (6), 665–677.
(77) Lu, J.; Askeland, P.; Drzal, L. T. Surface Modification of Microfibrillated Cellulose for Epoxy Composite Applications. Polymer (Guildf). 2008, 49 (5), 1285–1296.
(78) Araki, J.; Wada, M.; Kuga, S. Steric Stabilization of a Cellulose Microcrystal Suspension by Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Grafting. Langmuir 2001, 17 (1), 21–27.
(79) Lasseuguette, E. Grafting onto Microfibrils of Native Cellulose. Cellulose 2008, 15 (4), 571–580.
(80) Kloser, E.; Gray, D. G. Surface Grafting of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Poly(Ethylene Oxide) in Aqueous Media. Langmuir 2010, 26 (16), 13450–13456.
(81) Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Kimura, S.; Iwata, T.; Isogai, A. Surface Engineering of Ultrafine Cellulose Nanofibrils toward Polymer Nanocomposite Materials. Biomacromolecules 2013, 14 (5), 1541–1546.
(82) Azzam, F.; Heux, L.; Putaux, J. L.; Jean, B. Preparation by Grafting onto, Characterization, and Properties of Thermally Responsive Polymer-Decorated Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11 (12), 3652–3659.
(83) Berlioz, S.; Molina-Boisseau, S.; Nishiyama, Y.; Heux, L. Gas-Phase Surface Esterification of Cellulose Microfibrils and Whiskers. Biomacromolecules 2009, 10 (8), 2144–2151.
(84) Habibi, Y.; Dufresne, A. Highly Filled Bionanocomposites from Functionalized Polysaccharide Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9 (7), 1974–1980.
(85) Zoppe, J. O.; Peresin, M. S.; Habibi, Y.; Venditti, R. A.; Rojas, O. J. Reinforcing Poly(??-Caprolactone) Nanofibers with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009, 1 (9), 1996–2004.
(86) Zoppe, J. O.; Habibi, Y.; Rojas, O. J.; Venditti, R. A.; Johansson, L. S.; Efimenko, K.; Österberg, M.; Laine, J. Poly(N -Isopropylacrylamide) Brushes Grafted from Cellulose Nanocrystals via Surface-Initiated Single-Electron Transfer Living Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11 (10), 2683–2691.
(87) Lönnberg, H.; Larsson, K.; Lindström, T.; Hult, A.; Malmström, E. Synthesis of Polycaprolactone-Grafted Microfibrillated Cellulose for Use in Novel Bionanocomposites-Influence of the Graft Length on the Mechanical Properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3 (5), 1426–1433.
(88) Littunen, K.; Hippi, U.; Johansson, L. S.; Österberg, M.; Tammelin, T.; Laine, J.; Seppälä, J. Free Radical Graft Copolymerization of Nanofibrillated Cellulose with Acrylic Monomers. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84 (3), 1039–1047.
(89) Stenstad, P.; Andresen, M.; Tanem, B. S.; Stenius, P. Chemical Surface Modifications of Microfibrillated Cellulose. Cellulose 2008, 15 (1), 35–45.
(90) Fujisawa, S.; Ikeuchi, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Superior Reinforcement Effect of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils in Polystyrene Matrix: Optical, Thermal, and Mechanical Studies. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13 (7), 2188–2194.
(91) Okita, Y.; Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils Dispersed in Organic Solvents. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12 (2), 518–522.
(92) Fujisawa, S.; Okita, Y.; Saito, T.; Togawa, E.; Isogai, A. Formation of N-Acylureas on the Surface of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibril with Carbodiimide in DMF. Cellulose 2011, 18 (5), 1191–1199.
(93) Tang, H.; Butchosa, N.; Zhou, Q. A Transparent, Hazy, and Strong Macroscopic Ribbon of Oriented Cellulose Nanofibrils Bearing Poly(Ethylene Glycol). Adv. Mater. 2015, 27 (12), 2070–2076.
(94) Johnson, R. K.; Zink-Sharp, A.; Glasser, W. G. Preparation and Characterization of Hydrophobic Derivatives of TEMPO-Oxidized Nanocelluloses. Cellulose 2011, 18 (6),1599–1609.
(95) Lavoine, N.; Bras, J.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Improvement of the Thermal Stability of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils by Heat-Induced Conversion of Ionic Bonds to Amide Bonds. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2016.
(96) Sata, H.; Murayama, M.; Shimamoto, S. Properties and Applications of Cellulose Triacetate Film. Macromol. Symp. 2004, 208, 323–333.
(97) Fan, X.; Liu, Z. T. Z. W.; Lu, J.; Liu, Z. T. Z. W. Cellulose Triacetate Optical Film Preparation from Ramie Fiber. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48 (13), 6212–6215.
(98) Kong, L.; Zhang, D.; Shao, Z.; Han, B.; Lv, Y.; Gao, K.; Peng, X. Superior Effect of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils (TOCNs) on the Performance of Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) Ultrafiltration Membrane. Desalination 2014, 332 (1), 117–125.
(99) Gutierrez, J.; Carrasco-Hernandez, S.; Barud, H. S.; Oliveira, R. L.; Carvalho, R. A.; Amaral, A. C.; Tercjak, A. Transparent Nanostructured Cellulose Acetate Films Based on the Self Assembly of PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO Block Copolymer. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 165, 437–443.
Chapter 2
(1) Sata, H.; Murayama, M.; Shimamoto, S. Properties and Applications of Cellulose Triacetate Film. Macromol. Symp. 2004, 208, 323–333.
(2) Balser, K.; Hoppe, L.; Eicher, T.; Wandel, M.; Astheimer, H.-J.; Steinmeier, H.; Allen, J. M. Cellulose Esters. Ullmann’s Encycl. Ind. Chem. 2012, 7, 333–380.
(3) Rajini, R.; Venkateswarlu, U.; Rose, C.; Sastry, T. P. Studies on the Composites of Cellulose Triacetate (Prepared from Sugar Cane Pulp) and Gelatin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 82 (4), 847–853.
(4) Kim, Y. J.; Ha, S. W.; Jeon, S. M.; Yoo, D. W.; Chun, S. H.; Sohn, B. H.; Lee, J. K. Fabrication of Triacetylcellulose-SiO2 Nanocomposites by Surface Modification of Silica Nanoparticles. Langmuir 2010, 26 (10), 7555–7560.
(5) Basavaraja, C.; Jo, E. A.; Kim, B. S.; Huh, D. S. Thermal Stimulated Conductivity in Cellulose Triacetate-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Polymer Films. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2010, 31 (8), 2207–2210.
(6) Basavaraja, C.; Jo, E. A.; Kim, B. S.; Huh, D. S. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of Cellulose Triacetate / Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Films. Polym. Compos. 2011, 32 (3), 438–444.
(7) Saito, T.; Nishiyama, Y.; Putaux, J. L.; Vignon, M.; Isogai, A. Homogeneous Suspensions of Individualized Microfibrils from TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation of Native Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7 (6), 1687–1691.
(8) Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Kimura, S.; Iwata, T.; Isogai, A. Surface Engineering of Ultrafine Cellulose Nanofibrils toward Polymer Nanocomposite Materials. Biomacromolecules 2013, 14 (5), 1541–1546.
(9) Yano, H.; Sugiyama, J.; Nakagaito, A. N.; Nogi, M.; Matsuura, T.; Hikita, M.; Handa, K. Optically Transparent Composites Reinforced with Networks of Bacterial Nanofibers. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17 (2), 153–155.
(10) Iwamoto, S.; Nakagaito, A. N.; Yano, H.; Nogi, M. Optically Transparent Composites Reinforced with Plant Fiber-Based Nanofibers. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 2005, 81 (6), 1109–1112.
(11) Dahman, Y.; Oktem, T. Optically Transparent Nanocomposites Reinforced with Modified Biocellulose Nanofibers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 126 (S1), E187–E195.
(12) Hua, Y. Q.; Zhang, Y.-Q.; Wu, L.-B.; Huang, Y.-Q.; Wang, G.-Q. Mechanical and Optical Properties of Polyethylene Filled with Nano-SiO2. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B 2005, 44 (2), 149–159.
(13) Mackenzie, K. J.; by Staff, U. Film and Sheeting Materials. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; 2015; pp 1–27.
(14) Smith, P. F.; Chun, I.; Liu, G.; Dimitrievich, D.; Rasburn, J.; Vancso, G. J. Studies of Optical Haze and Surface Morphology of Blown Polyethylene Films Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1996, 36 (16), 2129–2134.
(15) Li, Z.; Renneckar, S.; Barone, J. R. Nanocomposites Prepared by in Situ Enzymatic Polymerization of Phenol with TEMPO-Oxidized Nanocellulose. Cellulose 2010, 17 (1), 57–68.
(16) Bulota, M.; Tanpichai, S.; Hughes, M.; Eichhorn, S. J. Micromechanics of TEMPO-Oxidized Fibrillated Cellulose Composites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4 (1), 331–337.
(17) Johnson, R. K.; Zink-Sharp, A.; Renneckar, S. H.; Glasser, W. G. A New Bio-Based Nanocomposite: Fibrillated TEMPO-Oxidized Celluloses in Hydroxypropylcellulose Matrix. Cellulose 2009, 16 (2), 227–238.
(18) Fujisawa, S.; Ikeuchi, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Superior Reinforcement Effect of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils in Polystyrene Matrix: Optical, Thermal, and Mechanical Studies. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13 (7), 2188–2194.
(19) Blond, D.; Barron, V.; Ruether, M.; Ryan, K. P.; Nicolosi, V.; Blau, W. J.; Coleman, J. N. Enhancement of Modulus, Strength, and Toughness in Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)-Based Composites by the Incorporation of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)-Functionalized Nanotubes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16 (12), 1608–1614.
(20) Xie, L.; Xu, F.; Qiu, F.; Lu, H.; Yang, Y. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with High Bonding Density of Polymer Layers and Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Composites. Macromolecules 2007, 40 (9), 3296–3305.
(21) Wang, T.; Dalton, A. B.; Keddie, J. L. Importance of Molecular Friction in a Soft Polymer-Nanotube Nanocomposite. Macromolecules 2008, 41 (20), 7656–7661.
(22) Liu, J.; Chen, C.; Feng, Y.; Liao, Y.; Ye, Y.; Xie, X.; Mai, Y.-W. Ultralow-Carbon Nanotube-Toughened Epoxy: The Critical Role of a Double-Layer Interface. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10 (1), 1204–1216.
(23) Fang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Li, J.; Zhang, H.; Lu, H.; Yang, Y. Constructing Hierarchically Structured Interphases for Strong and Tough Epoxy Nanocomposites by Amine-Rich Graphene Surfaces. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20 (43), 9635.
(24) Guan, L.-Z.; Wan, Y.-J.; Gong, L.-X.; Yan, D.; Tang, L.-C.; Wu, L.-B.; Jiang, J.-X.; Lai, G.-Q. Toward Effective and Tunable Interphases in Graphene Oxide/Epoxy Composites by Grafting Different Chain Lengths of Polyetheramine onto Graphene Oxide. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2 (36), 15058.
(25) Guzmán de Villoria, R.; Miravete, A. Mechanical Model to Evaluate the Effect of the Dispersion in Nanocomposites. Acta Mater. 2007, 55 (9), 3025–3031.
(26) Nishiyama, Y.; Sugiyama, J.; Chanzy, H.; Langan, P. Crystal Structure and Hydrogen Bonding System in Cellulose Iα from Synchrotron X-Ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125 (47), 14300–14306.
(27) Zugenmaier, P. Characterization and Physical Properties of Cellulose Acetates. Macromol. Symp. 2004, 208, 81–166.
(28) Sakurada, I.; Nakamae, K.; Kaji, K.; Wadano, S. Experimental Determination of Elastic Moduli of the Crystalline Regions in Oriented Polymers. Kobunshi Kagaku 1966, 23 (257), 651–654.
(29) Pakzad, A.; Simonsen, J.; Heiden, P. A.; Yassar, R. S. Size Effects on the Nanomechanical Properties of Cellulose i Nanocrystals. J. Mater. Res. 2012, 27 (3), 528–536.
(30) Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Kimura, S.; Iwata, T.; Isogai, A. Comparison of Mechanical Reinforcement Effects of Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanofibrils and Carbon Nanotubes in PLLA Composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2014, 90, 96–101.
(31) Lenart, W. R.; Hore, M. J. A. Structure-Property Relationships of Polymer-Grafted Nanospheres for Designing Advanced Nanocomposites. Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects 2017.
(32) Turcsányi, B.; Pukánszky, B.; Tüdõs, F. Composition Dependence of Tensile Yield Stress in Filled Polymers. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1988, 7 (2), 160–162.
(33) Durmus, A.; Kaşgöz, A.; Macosko, C. W. Mechanical Properties of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)/Clay Nanocomposites: Estimation of Aspect Ratio and Interfacial Strength by Composite Models. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B Phys. 2008, 47 (3), 608–619.
(34) Demjén, Z.; Pukánszky, B.; Nagy, J. Evaluation of Interfacial Interaction in Polypropylene/Surface Treated CaCO3composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 1998, 29 (3), 323–329.
(35) Pukánszky, B.; Tüdös, F.; Jancar, J.; Kolarik, J. The Possible Mechanisms of Polymer-Filler Interaction in Polypropylene-CaCO3 Composites. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1989, 8 (9), 1040–1042.
(36) Felix, J. M.; Gatenholm, P. Formation of Entanglements at Brushlike Interfaces in Cellulose–polymer Composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1993, 50 (4), 699–708.
(37) Százdi, L.; Pozsgay, A.; Pukánszky, B. Factors and Processes Influencing the Reinforcing Effect of Layered Silicates in Polymer Nanocomposites. Eur. Polym. J. 2007, 43 (2), 345–359.
(38) Százdi, L.; Pukánszky, B.; Vancso, G. J.; Pukánszky, B. Quantitative Estimation of the Reinforcing Effect of Layered Silicates in PP Nanocomposites. Polymer (Guildf). 2006, 47 (13), 4638–4648.
(39) Nakagaito, A. N.; Yano, H. The Effect of Fiber Content on the Mechanical and Thermal Expansion Properties of Biocomposites Based on Microfibrillated Cellulose. Cellulose 2008, 15 (4), 555–559.
(40) Nogi, M.; Yano, H. Transparent Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Produced by Bacteria Offer Potential Innovation in the Electronics Device Industry. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20 (10), 1849–1852.
Chapter 3
(1) Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Kimura, S.; Iwata, T.; Isogai, A. Comparison of Mechanical Reinforcement Effects of Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanofibrils and Carbon Nanotubes in PLLA Composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2014, 90, 96–101.
(2) Fujisawa, S.; Ikeuchi, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Superior Reinforcement Effect of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils in Polystyrene Matrix: Optical, Thermal, and Mechanical Studies. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13 (7), 2188–2194.
(3) Saito, T.; Nishiyama, Y.; Putaux, J. L.; Vignon, M.; Isogai, A. Homogeneous Suspensions of Individualized Microfibrils from TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation of Native Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7 (6), 1687–1691.
(4) Chevigny, C.; Jestin, J.; Gigmes, D.; Schweins, R.; Di-Cola, E.; Dalmas, F.; Bertin, D.; Boué, F. “Wet-To-Dry” Conformational Transition of Polymer Layers Grafted To Nanoparticles in Nanocomposite. Macromolecules 2010, 43 (11), 4833–4837.
(5) Ou, Y. C.; Guo, T. T.; Fang, X. P.; Yu, Z. Z. Toughening and Reinforcing Polypropylene with Core-Shell Structured Fillers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 74 (10), 2397–2403.
(6) Joshi, P.; Upadhyay, S. H. Effect of Interphase on Elastic Behavior of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composite. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2014, 87, 267–273.
(7) Wan, H.; Delale, F.; Shen, L. Effect of CNT Length and CNT-Matrix Interphase in Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Reinforced Composites. Mech. Res. Commun. 2005, 32 (5), 481–489.
(8) Masud, M. A. Al; Masud, A. K. M. Effect of Interphase Characteristic and Property on Axial Modulus of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites. J. Mech. Eng. 2010, 41 (1), 15– 24.
(9) Rong, M. Z.; Zhang, M. Q.; Zheng, Y. X.; Zeng, H. M.; Walter, R.; Friedrich, K. Structure–property Relationships of Irradiation Grafted Nano-Inorganic Particle Filled Polypropylene Composites. Polymer (Guildf). 2001, 42 (1), 167–183.
(10) Guan, L.-Z.; Wan, Y.-J.; Gong, L.-X.; Yan, D.; Tang, L.-C.; Wu, L.-B.; Jiang, J.-X.; Lai, G.-Q. Toward Effective and Tunable Interphases in Graphene Oxide/Epoxy Composites by Grafting Different Chain Lengths of Polyetheramine onto Graphene Oxide. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2 (36), 15058.
(11) Rong, M. Z.; Zhang, M. Q.; Pan, S. L.; Friedrich, K. Interfacial Effects in Polypropylene – Silica Nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 92 (3), 1771–1781.
(12) Rong, M. Z.; Zhang, M. Q.; Pan, S. L.; Lehmann, B.; Friedrich, K. Analysis of the Interfacial Interactions in Polypropylene/Silica Nanocomposites. Polym. Int. 2004, 53 (2), 176–183.
(13) Wu, C. L.; Zhang, M. Q.; Rong, M. Z.; Friedrich, K. Silica Nanoparticles Filled Polypropylene: Effects of Particle Surface Treatment, Matrix Ductility and Particle Species on Mechanical Performance of the Composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005, 65 (3–4), 635–645.
(14) Herrera, N.; Mathew, A. P.; Oksman, K. Plasticized Polylactic Acid/Cellulose Nanocomposites Prepared Using Melt-Extrusion and Liquid Feeding: Mechanical, Thermal and Optical Properties. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2015, 106, 149–155.
(15) Prakobna, K.; Terenzi, C.; Zhou, Q.; Furó, I.; Berglund, L. A. Core-Shell Cellulose Nanofibers for Biocomposites - Nanostructural Effects in Hydrated State. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 125, 92–102.
(16) Wang, M.; Olszewska, A.; Walther, A.; Malho, J. M.; Schacher, F. H.; Ruokolainen, J.; Ankerfors, M.; Laine, J.; Berglund, L. A.; Österberg, M.; Ikkala, O. Colloidal Ionic Assembly between Anionic Native Cellulose Nanofibrils and Cationic Block Copolymer Micelles into Biomimetic Nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12 (6), 2074–2081.
(17) Soeta, H.; Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Berglund, L.; Isogai, A. Low-Birefringent and Highly Tough Nanocellulose-Reinforced Cellulose Triacetate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7 (20), 11041–11046.
(18) Karadeniz, Z. H.; Kumlutas, D. A Numerical Study on the Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials. Compos. Struct. 2007, 78 (1), 1–10.
(19) Nakagaito, A. N.; Yano, H. The Effect of Fiber Content on the Mechanical and Thermal Expansion Properties of Biocomposites Based on Microfibrillated Cellulose. Cellulose 2008, 15 (4), 555–559.
(20) Karimi, K.; Taherzadeh, M. J. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods in Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses: Composition, Imaging, and Crystallinity. Bioresour. Technol. 2016, 200, 1008–1018.
(21) de Freitas, R. R. M.; Senna, A. M.; Botaro, V. R. Influence of Degree of Substitution on Thermal Dynamic Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of Cellulose Acetate. Ind. Crops Prod. 2017, 109 (August), 452–458.
(22) Hindeleh, A. M.; Johnson, D. J. Peak Resolution and X-Ray Crystallinity Determination in Heat-Treated Cellulose Triacetate. Polymer (Guildf). 1972, 13 (1), 27–32.
(23) Hindeleh, A. M.; Johnson, D. J. Correlation Crystallinity and Physical Properties of Heat-Treated Cellulose Triacetate Fibres. Polymer (Guildf). 1970, 11 (12), 666–680.
Chapter 4
(1) Vaia, R. A.; Emmanuel, P. Polymer Nanocomposites : Status and Oppotunites. MRS Bull. 2001, 26 (5), 394–401.
(2) Wagner, H. D.; Vaia, R. A. Nanocomposites: Issues at the Interface. Mater. Today 2004, 7 (11), 38–42.
(3) Thostenson, E. T.; Li, C.; Chou, T. W. Nanocomposites in Context. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005, 65 (3–4), 491–516.
(4) Crosby, A. J.; Lee, J. Y. Polymer Nanocomposites: The “Nano” Effect on Mechanical Properties. Polym. Rev. 2007, 47 (2), 217–229.
(5) Vaia, R. A.; Wagner, H. D. Framework for Nanocomposites. Mater. Today 2004, 7 (11), 32–37.
(6) Saito, T.; Nishiyama, Y.; Putaux, J. L.; Vignon, M.; Isogai, A. Homogeneous Suspensions of Individualized Microfibrils from TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation of Native Cellulose. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7 (6), 1687–1691.
(7) Soeta, H.; Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Interfacial Layer Thickness Design for Exploiting the Reinforcement Potential of Nanocellulose in Cellulose Triacetate Matrix. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2017, 147, 100–106.
(8) Okita, Y.; Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils Dispersed in Organic Solvents. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12 (2), 518–522.
(9) Milner, S. T. Polymer Brushes. Science (80-. ). 1991, 251 (4996), 905–914.
(10) Currie, E. P. K.; Norde, W.; Cohen Stuart, M. A. C. Tethered Polymer Chains: Surface Chemistry and Their Impact on Colloidal and Surface Properties. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 100–102, 205–265.
(11) Fujisawa, S.; Saito, T.; Kimura, S.; Iwata, T.; Isogai, A. Surface Engineering of Ultrafine Cellulose Nanofibrils toward Polymer Nanocomposite Materials. Biomacromolecules 2013, 14 (5), 1541–1546.
(12) Israelachvili, J. Intermolecular and Surface Forces; 2011.
(13) de Gennes, P. G. Conformations of Polymers Attached to an Interface. Macromolecules 1980, 13 (5), 1069–1075.
(14) Zhao, B.; Brittain, W. J. Polymer Brushes: Surface-Immobilized Macromolecules. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2000, 25 (5), 677–710.
(15) Wan, H.; Delale, F.; Shen, L. Effect of CNT Length and CNT-Matrix Interphase in Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Reinforced Composites. Mech. Res. Commun. 2005, 32 (5), 481–489.
(16) Masud, M. A. Al; Masud, A. K. M. Effect of Interphase Characteristic and Property on Axial Modulus of Carbon Nanotube Based Composites. J. Mech. Eng. 2010, 41 (1), 15– 24.
(17) Joshi, P.; Upadhyay, S. H. Effect of Interphase on Elastic Behavior of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composite. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2014, 87, 267–273.
(18) Guru, K.; Sharma, T.; Shukla, K. K.; Mishra, S. B. Effect of Interface on the Elastic Modulus of CNT Nanocomposites. J. Nanomechanics Micromechanics 2015, 6, 1–10.
(19) Fujisawa, S.; Ikeuchi, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Superior Reinforcement Effect of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils in Polystyrene Matrix: Optical, Thermal, and Mechanical Studies. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13 (7), 2188–2194.
(20) Eichhorn, S. J.; Dufresne, A.; Aranguren, M.; Marcovich, N. E.; Capadona, J. R.; Rowan, S. J.; Weder, C.; Thielemans, W.; Roman, M.; Renneckar, S.; Gindl, W.; Veigel, S.; Keckes, J.; Yano, H.; Abe, K.; Nogi, M.; Nakagaito, A. N.; Mangalam, A.; Simonsen, J.; Benight, A. S.; Bismarck, A.; Berglund, L. A.; Peijs, T. Review: Current International Research into Cellulose Nanofibres and Nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 2010, 45 (1), 1–33.
(21) Svagan, A. J.; Azizi Samir, M. A. S.; Berglund, L. A. Biomimetic Polysaccharide Nanocomposites of High Cellulose Content and High Toughness. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8 (8), 2556–2563.
(22) Rong, M. Z.; Zhang, M. Q.; Pan, S. L.; Friedrich, K. Interfacial Effects in Polypropylene – Silica Nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 92 (3), 1771–1781.
(23) Wu, C. L.; Zhang, M. Q.; Rong, M. Z.; Friedrich, K. Silica Nanoparticles Filled Polypropylene: Effects of Particle Surface Treatment, Matrix Ductility and Particle Species on Mechanical Performance of the Composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005, 65 (3–4), 635–645.
(24) Fang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Li, J.; Zhang, H.; Lu, H.; Yang, Y. Constructing Hierarchically Structured Interphases for Strong and Tough Epoxy Nanocomposites by Amine-Rich Graphene Surfaces. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20 (43), 9635.
(25) Zappalorto, M.; Salviato, M.; Quaresimin, M. A Multiscale Model to Describe Nanocomposite Fracture Toughness Enhancement by the Plastic Yielding of Nanovoids. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2012, 72 (14), 1683–1691.
(26) Guan, L.-Z.; Wan, Y.-J.; Gong, L.-X.; Yan, D.; Tang, L.-C.; Wu, L.-B.; Jiang, J.-X.; Lai, G.-Q. Toward Effective and Tunable Interphases in Graphene Oxide/Epoxy Composites by Grafting Different Chain Lengths of Polyetheramine onto Graphene Oxide. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2 (36), 15058.
(27) Craig, D. Q. M. Polyethyelene Glycols and Drug Release. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 1990, 16 (17), 2501–2526.
(28) Rittigstein, P.; Torkelson, J. M. Polymer–Nanoparticle Interfacial Interactions in Polymer Nanocomposites: Confinement Effects on Glass Transition Temperature and Suppression of Physical Aging. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 2007, 44 (20), 2935– 2943.
(29) Zou, H.; Wu, S.; Shen, J. Polymer/Silica Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108 (9), 3893–3957.
(30) Sengupta, R.; Chakraborty, S.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Dasgupta, S.; Mukhopadhyay, R.; Auddy, K.; Deuri, A. S. A Short Review on Rubber / Clay Nanocomposites With Emphasis on Mechanical Properties. Engineering 2007, 47 (11), 1956–1974.
(31) Rahmat, M.; Hubert, P. Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Interactions in Nanocomposites: A Review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2011, 72 (1), 72–84.
(32) Okita, Y.; Saito, T.; Isogai, A. Entire Surface Oxidation of Various Cellulose Microfibrils by TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation. Biomacromolecules 2010, 11 (6), 1696–1700.
(33) Karimi, K.; Taherzadeh, M. J. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods in Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses: Composition, Imaging, and Crystallinity. Bioresour. Technol. 2016, 200, 1008–1018.
(34) de Freitas, R. R. M.; Senna, A. M.; Botaro, V. R. Influence of Degree of Substitution on Thermal Dynamic Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of Cellulose Acetate. Ind. Crops Prod. 2017, 109 (August), 452–458.
(35) Hindeleh, A. M.; Johnson, D. J. Correlation Crystallinity and Physical Properties of Heat-Treated Cellulose Triacetate Fibres. Polymer (Guildf). 1970, 11 (12), 666–680.
(36) Hindeleh, A. M.; Johnson, D. J. Peak Resolution and X-Ray Crystallinity Determination in Heat-Treated Cellulose Triacetate. Polymer (Guildf). 1972, 13 (1), 27–32.