1. Soto, M.E.; Secher, M.; Gillette-Guyonnet, S.; van Kan, G.A.; Andrieu, S.; Nourhashemi, F.; Rolland, Y.; Vellas, B. Weight loss and rapid cognitive decline in community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer’s disease.J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 28, 647–654. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Payette, H.; Coulombe, C.; Boutier, V.; Gray-Donald, K. Nutrition risk factors for institutionalization in a free-living functionally dependent elderly population. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2000, 53, 579–587. [CrossRef]
3. Faxén-Irving, G.; Basun, H.; Cederholm, T. Nutritional and cognitive relationships and long-term mortality in patients with various dementia disorders. Age Ageing 2005, 34, 136–141. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Kai, K.; Hashimoto, M.; Amano, K.; Tanaka, H.; Fukuhara, R.; Ikeda, M. Relationship between Eating Disturbance and Dementia Severity in Patients with Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0133666. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Suma, S.; Watanabe, Y.; Hirano, H.; Kimura, A.; Edahiro, A.; Awata, S.; Yamashita, Y.; Matsushita, K.; Arai, H.; Sakurai, T. Factors affecting the appetites of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2018, 18, 1236–1243. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Johnson, D.K.; Wilkins, C.H.; Morris, J.C. Accelerated Weight Loss May Precede Diagnosis in Alzheimer Disease. Arch. Neurol. 2006, 63, 1312. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Sugimoto, T.; Ono, R.; Murata, S.; Saji, N.; Matsui, Y.; Niida, S.; Toba, K.; Sakurai, T. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in elderly subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2016, 13, 718–726. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Ye, B.S.; Jang, E.Y.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, E.J.; Park, S.A.; Lee, Y.; Hong, C.H.; Choi, S.H.; Yoon, B.; Yoon, S.J.; et al.Unstable Body Mass Index and Progression to Probable Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2016, 49, 483–491. [CrossRef]
9. Lyketsos, C.G.; Lopez, O.; Jones, B.; Fitzpatrick, A.L.; Breitner, J.; DeKosky, S. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA 2002, 288, 1475–1483. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Kamiya, M.; Sakurai, T.; Ogama, N.; Maki, Y.; Toba, K. Factors associated with increased caregivers’ burden in several cognitive stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2014, 14 (Suppl. 2), 45–55. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Chiao, C.-Y.; Wu, H.-S.; Hsiao, C.-Y. Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review. Int. Nurs. Rev. 2015, 62, 340–350. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Voisin, T.; Andrieu, S.; Cantet, C.; Vellas, B.; REAL.FR Group. Predictive factors of hospitalizations in Alzheimer’s disease: A two-year prospective study in 686 patients of the REAL.FR study. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2010, 14, 288–291. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Shimabukuro, J.; Awata, S.; Matsuoka, H. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia characteristic of mild Alzheimer patients. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2005, 59, 274–279. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Apostolova, L.G.; Di, L.J.; Duffy, E.L.; Brook, J.; Elashoff, D.; Tseng, C.H.; Fairbanks, L.; Cummings, J.L. Risk factors for behavioral abnormalities in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2014, 37, 315–326. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Steinberg, M.; Corcoran, C.; Tschanz, J.; Huber, C.; Welsh-Bohmer, K.; Norton, M.; Zandi, P.; Breitner, J.; Steffens, D.; Lyketsos, C. Risk factors for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County Study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2006, 21, 824–830. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Spaccavento, S.; Del Prete, M.; Craca, A.; Fiore, P. Influence of nutritional status on cognitive, functional and neuropsychiatric deficits in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2009, 48, 356–360. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. White, H.K.; McConnell, E.S.; Bales, C.W.; Kuchibhatla, M. A 6-Month Observational Study of the Relationship between Weight Loss and Behavioral Symptoms in Institutionalized Alzheimer’s Disease Subjects. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2004, 5, 89–97. [CrossRef]
18. Perneczky, R.; Wagenpfeil, S.; Komossa, K.; Grimmer, T.; Diehl, J.; Kurz, A. Mapping Scores onto Stages: Mini-Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2006, 14, 139–144. [CrossRef]
19. Albert, M.S.; DeKosky, S.T.; Dickson, D.W.; Dubois, B.; Feldman, H.H.; Fox, N.C.; Gamst, A.; Holtzman, D.M.; Jagust, W.J.; Petersen, R.C.; et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2011, 7, 270–279. [CrossRef]
20. McKhann, G.M.; Knopman, D.S.; Chertkow, H.; Hyman, B.T.; Jack, C.R.; Kawas, C.H.; Klunk, W.E.; Koroshetz, W.J.; Manly, J.J.; Mayeux, R.; et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2011, 7, 263–269. [CrossRef]
21. Kitamura, T.; Kitamura, M.; Hino, S.; Tanaka, N.; Kurata, K. Gender Differences in Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients with Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia.J. Clin. Psychiatry 2012, 73, 1548–1554. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Rubenstein, L.Z.; Harker, J.O.; Salvà, A.; Guigoz, Y.; Vellas, B. Screening for Undernutrition in Geriatric Practice: Developing the Short-Form Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF). J. Gerontol. Ser. A Boil. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001, 56, M366–M372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Smith, A.D.; Refsum, H. Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Impairment. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2016, 36, 211–239. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Nourhashemi, F.; Guyonnet, S.; Ousset, P.; Kostek, V.; Lauque, S.; Chumlea, W.; Nourhashemi, F.; Vellas, B.; Albarède, J. Mini Nutritional Assessment and Alzheimer Patients. In Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA): Research and Practice in the Elderly; Karger Publishers: Basel, Switzerland, 1999; Volume 1, pp. 87–92.
25. Kaiser, M.J.; MNA-International Group; Bauer, J.M.; Rämsch, C.; Uter, W.; Guigoz, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Thomas, D.R.; Anthony, P.; Charlton, K.E.; et al. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA®-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2009, 13, 782–788. [PubMed]
26. Baumgarten, M.; Becker, R.; Gauthier, S. Validity and Reliability of the Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale.J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1990, 38, 221–226. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Mizoguchi, T.; Iijima, S.; Eto, F.; Ishizuka, A.; Orimo, H. Reliability and Validity of a Japanese Version of the Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale. Nihon Ronen Igakkai zasshi Jpn. J. Geriatr. 1993, 30, 835–840. [CrossRef]
28. Gnjidic, D.; Hilmer, S.N.; Blyth, F.M.; Naganathan, V.; Waite, L.; Seibel, M.J.; McLachlan, A.J.; Cumming, R.G.; Handelsman, D.J.; Le Couteur, D.G. Polypharmacy cutoff and outcomes: five or more medicines were used to identify community-dwelling older men at risk of different adverse outcomes. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2012, 65, 989–995. [CrossRef]
29. Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R. “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1975, 12, 189–198. [CrossRef]
30. Mahoney, F.I.; Barthel, D.W. Functional Evaluation: The BARTHEL Index. Md. State Med. J. 1965, 14, 61–65.
31. Lawton, M.P.; Brody, E.M. Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Gerontologist 1969, 9, 179–186. [CrossRef]
32. Toba, K.; Nakai, R.; Iijima, S.; Nishinaga, M.; Mizoguchi, T.; Yamada, S.; Yumita, K.; Akishita, M.; Ouchi, Y. Vitality Index as a useful tool to assess elderly with dementia. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2002, 2, 23–29. [CrossRef]
33. Yesavage, J.A.; Brink, T.; Rose, T.L.; Lum, O.; Huang, V.; Adey, M.; Leirer, V.O. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1982, 17, 37–49. [CrossRef]
34. Lach, H.W.; Change, Y.P.; Edwards, D. Can older adults with dementia accurately report depression using brief forms? Reliability and validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 2010, 36, 30–37. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Guigoz, Y. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature—What does it tell us? J. Nutr. Health Aging 2006, 10, 466–485. [PubMed]
36. Orsitto, G.; Fulvio, F.; Tria, D.; Turi, V.; Venezia, A.; Manca, C. Nutritional status in hospitalized elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 28, 100–102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Khater, M.S.; Abouelezz, N.F. Nutritional status in older adults with mild cognitive impairment living in elderly homes in Cairo, Egypt. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2011, 15, 104–108. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Koyama, A.; Hashimoto, M.; Tanaka, H.; Fujise, N.; Matsushita, M.; Miyagawa, Y.; Hatada, Y.; Fukuhara, R.; Hasegawa, N.; Todani, S.; et al. Malnutrition in Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Comparison Using Serum Albumin, Total Protein, and Hemoglobin Level. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0157053. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Sergi, G.; De Rui, M.; Coin, A.; Inelmen, E.M.; Manzato, E. Weight loss and Alzheimer’s disease: Temporal and aetiologic connections. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2013, 72, 160–165. [CrossRef]
40. Poehlman, E.T.; Dvorak, R.V. Energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight loss in Alzheimer disease.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71, 650S–655S. [CrossRef]
41. Ahmed, R.M.; Landin-Romero, R.; Collette, T.-H.; Van Der Klaauw, A.; Devenney, E.; Henning, E.; Piguet, O.; Farooqi, S.; Hodges, J.R.; Kiernan, M.C. Energy expenditure in frontotemporal dementia: a behavioural and imaging study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2017, 88, 171–183. [CrossRef]
42. Di Iulio, F.; Palmer, K.; Blundo, C.; Casini, A.R.; Gianni, W.; Caltagirone, C.; Spalletta, G. Occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychiatric disorders in mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2010, 22, 629–640. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Gonfrier, S.; Andrieu, S.; Renaud, D.; Vellas, B.; Robert, P.H. Course of neuropsychiatric symptoms during a 4-year follow up in the REAL-FR cohort. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2012, 16, 134–137. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Guerin, O.; Soto, M.E.; Brocker, P.; Robert, P.H.; Benoit, M.; Vellas, B.; Group, R.F. Nutritional status assessment during Alzheimer’s disease: results after one year (the REAL French Study Group). J. Nutr. Health Aging 2005, 9, 81–84. [PubMed]
45. Scarmeas, N.; Anastasiou, C.A.; Yannakoulia, M. Nutrition and prevention of cognitive impairment.Lancet Neurol. 2018, 17, 1006–1015. [CrossRef]
46. Volicer, L.; Frijters, D.H.; Van Der Steen, J.T. Apathy and Weight Loss in Nursing Home Residents: Longitudinal Study. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2013, 14, 417–420. [CrossRef]
47. Boublay, N.; Schott, A.M.; Krolak-Salmon, P. Neuroimaging correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a review of 20 years of research. Eur. J. Neurol. 2016, 23, 1500–1509. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Ismail, Z.; Herrmann, N.; Rothenburg, L.S.; Cotter, A.; Leibovitch, F.S.; Rafi-Tari, S.; Black, S.E.; Lanctôt, K.L. A functional neuroimaging study of appetite loss in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 2008, 271, 97–103. [CrossRef]
49. Marshall, G.A.; Monserratt, L.; Harwood, D.; Mandelkern, M.; Cummings, J.L.; Sultzer, D.L. Positron Emission Tomography Metabolic Correlates of Apathy in Alzheimer Disease. Arch. Neurol. 2007, 64, 1015. [CrossRef]
50. Trzepacz, P.T.; Yu, P.; Bhamidipati, P.K.; Willis, B.; Forrester, T.; Tabas, L.; Schwarz, A.J.; Saykin, A.J.; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Frontolimbic atrophy is associated with agitation and aggression in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2013, 9, S95–S104 e1. [CrossRef]
51. Jonsson, M.; Edman, A.; Lind, K.; Rolstad, S.; Sjogren, M.; Wallin, A. Apathy is a prominent neuropsychiatric feature of radiological white-matter changes in patients with dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2010, 25, 588–595. [CrossRef]
52. Grundman, M.; Corey-Bloom, J.; Jernigan, T.; Archibald, S.; Thal, L.J. Low body weight in Alzheimer’s disease is associated with mesial temporal cortex atrophy. Neurology 1996, 46, 1585–1591. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Kramer, M.H.; Maier, A.B.; Muller, M.; De Van Der Schueren, M.A.E.; Lonterman-Monasch, S.; Van Der Flier, W.M. Malnutrition and Risk of Structural Brain Changes Seen on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Older Adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2016, 64, 2457–2463.
54. Sugimoto, T.; Kato, T.; Iwata, K.; Saji, N.; Arahata, Y.; Hattori, H.; Bundo, M.; Ito, K.; Niida, S.; Sakurai, T.; et al. Decreased Glucose Metabolism in Medial Prefrontal Areas is Associated with Nutritional Status in Patients with Prodromal and Early Alzheimer’s Disease. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2017, 60, 225–233. [CrossRef] [PubMed]