リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

リケラボ 全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索するならリケラボ論文検索大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる

大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる 「水表面近傍の乱流によるスカラー輸送機構に関するシミュレーション研究」の論文概要。リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。
リケラボ

コピーが完了しました

URLをコピーしました

論文の公開元へ論文の公開元へ
書き出し

水表面近傍の乱流によるスカラー輸送機構に関するシミュレーション研究

金, 晟眞 SUNG, JIN, KIM キム, ソンジン 九州大学

2022.03.23

概要

The transports of scalars such as heat and gases are generated by turbulence near the water surface. In natural water-environments, the wind stress acting on the water surface is deeply connected to the intensity of the near-surface turbulence. In addition, the water surface is heated or cooled by the solar radiation or the radiative cooling, respectively, and thus dynamically stable or unstable stratification occurs in the water body. Turbulent properties near the water surface vary depending on the thermal stratification effects, by which the vertical mixing is suppressed in the case of stable stratification, whereas under the condition of unstable stratification, large-scale convective motions appear so as to promote the vertical mixing. The wind stress on the water surface, i.e., the surface shear stress, and the thermal stratification are considered to be typical dynamical factors changing turbulent flows and scalar transports of heat and gases in natural water-environments. Thus, the relations of these dynamical factors with the near-surface turbulence and the scalar transports are very important for understanding the environmental variation in natural water-environments such as the ocean, lake and river.

　The relation between the scalar transport velocity and representative turbulent quantities has often been examined on the basis of fundamental scalar transport models. The surface-renewal theory, the large-eddy model, the small-eddy model and the surface divergence model are considered to be typical scalar transport models. Among them, the surface divergence model may have relatively high applicability to various flow fields. The validation and the modification of these transport models become important research tasks to establish more universal models for the scalar transport generated by turbulence near the water surface. Besides, findings about the near-surface properties of simpler turbulent fields are considered to be very useful for comprehending the scalar transport mechanism.

　In this study, we analyzed numerically the combined effects of the surface shear stress and the thermal stratification on the near-surface turbulent properties and the heat transport flux at the water surface by means of the direct numerical simulation, i.e., DNS. Thermally-stratified open-channel flows affected by the surface shear stress were numerically reproduced, and the dependence of the heat transport flux on the near-surface turbulence was examined in detail under various surface shear stress and thermal stratification conditions. In particular, we focused on the applicability of the surface divergence model to the scalar transport in the presence of the combined effects of these two factors. We also analyzed the near-surface properties of oscillating-grid turbulence, which is a simple turbulent field having approximately zero-mean flow, by using the k-ε turbulence model and a simple mathematical model description. Moreover, we carried out the normalization of the scalar transport velocity using a new turbulent time scale combining macro and micro turbulent scales. The validations of these approaches were investigated by comparing the results with existing experimental data of oscillating-grid turbulence. The results and findings obtained from this research are summarized as follows:

　In Chapter 1, we explained the background and the importance of this research topic. The scalar transports of heat and gases at the water surface are closely connected to the exchange process of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and ocean. Thus, the present study can be positioned as a fundamental research to understand the mechanism of the air-sea transfer of carbon dioxide. We also described the idea behind this research, and the objectives and the outline of the thesis.

　Chapter 2 provided the reviews on the basic theories on the scalar transport mechanism and the near-surface turbulence, to focus on important problems in related fields from a viewpoint of fluid dynamics. In particular, we discussed the typical scalar transport models such as the surface-renewal theory, the large-eddy model, the small-eddy model and the surface divergence model, describing theoretically the scalar transport velocity. Numerical and experimental methods for examining turbulence-generated scalar transport were also described on the basis of previous research works.

　In Chapter 3, we analyzed numerically the open-channel flow, including the effects of the surface shear stress and the thermal stratification by means of the DNS. The numerical results showed that high speed streaky structures near the water surface appear under the condition of the positive surface shear stress, and the spatial scale of the streaky structures depends on the thermal stratification effect. The dependences of the average surface flow velocity on the dimensionless surface shear stress and the Richardson number were shown to be linear relations. It was found that the spatial pattern of the positive surface divergence controlling the downward heat transport flux on the water surface is changed by the combination of the dimensionless surface shear stress and the Richardson number. In addition, the relation between the rms value of the surface divergence and the Richardson number varies depending on the dimensionless surface shear stress. The numerical results showed the rms value of the surface divergence to be universally expressed with the Taylor micro scale even in the presence of the combined effects of these two factors. The surface divergence model was found to be approximately applicable to the thermally-stratified open-channel turbulence affected by the surface shear stress, but the coefficient of the divergence model depends on these two factors. Based on the numerical findings in this study, a simple modification was made for the surface divergence model.

　In Chapter 4, we analyzed numerically the near-surface properties of oscillating-grid turbulence by using the k-ε turbulence model, and also described such properties based on a simple mathematical model. These model analyses reproduced approximately how turbulent characteristic quantities such as the turbulent energy and the energy dissipation rate deform in the vicinity of the water surface. In addition, a modeling of the scalar transport velocity was made by introducing an empirical coupling time scale based on two turbulent time scales, which are macro and micro time scales. The validity of the normalization with the coupling time scale was verified in comparison with existing experimental data obtained in oscillating-grid turbulence. The behavior of the experimental data showed a clear kink around a certain critical Reynolds number, and in smaller region than the critical Reynolds number, the scalar transport velocity fits to the -1/2 power law, i.e., the large-eddy model, while the -1/4 power law for the small-eddy model appears in the larger region. The proposed normalization relation agrees approximately with the behaviors of the both. We obtained the empirical expression of the scalar transport velocity applicable to a wide range of turbulent Reynolds numbers, though its applicability should be examined in more detail.

　The conclusions of this thesis were described in Chapter 5 by summarizing the results and the findings.

論文の公開元へ

この論文で使われている画像

関連論文

関連論文をもっと見る

参考文献

CHAPTER 1

Jirka, G., Herlina, H., Niepelt, A.: Gas transfer at air-water interface: experiments with different turbulent forcing mechanisms, Exp. Fluids, 49, 319-327, 2010.

Kajishima, T.: Numerical simulation of turbulent flows, 255p, Yokendo, 1999. (In Japanese)

Kawahara, Y.: Development of turbulence models and their application to river engineering, Lecture Notes of the Summer Seminar on Hydraulic Engineering, JSCE, A.9.1-A.9.17, 2000. (In Japanese)

Komori, S., Ueda, H., Ogino, F., and Mizushina, T.: Turbulence structure in stably stratified open-channel flow, J. Fluid Mech., 130, 13-26, 1983.

Rodi, W.: Turbulence models and their application in hydraulics, A State of the Art Review, IAHR, Delft, 1993.

Sanjou, M., Nezu, I., and Okamoto, T.: Surface velocity divergence model of air/water interfacial gas transfer in open-channel flows, Physics of Fluids, 29, 045107, 2017.

Sugihara, Y. and Sanjou, M.: Turbulence and gas transfer in interfacial hydraulics- progresses of experiments and models-，Nagare, 30, 181-193, 2011. (In Japanese)

CHAPTER 2

Asher, W. E. & Pankow, J. F.: The interaction of mechanically generated turbulence and interfacial films with a liquid phase controlled gas/liquid transport process, Tellus, 38, 305-318, 1986.

Banerjee, S., Scott, D. S., and Rhodes, E.: Mass transfer to falling wavy liquid films in turbulent flow, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 7(1), 22-27, 1968.

Banerjee, S.: Turbulence structure and transport mechanisms at interfaces, 9th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Keynote Lectures, 1, 395-418, 1990.

Banerjee, S., Lakehal, D., and Fulgosi, M.: Surface divergence models for scalar exchange between turbulent streams, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 30(7-8), 963–977, 2004. Calmet, I. & Magnaudet, J.: High-Schmidt number mass transfer through turbulent gas-liquid interfaces, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 19(5), 522–532, 1998.

Chan, W. C. & Scriven, L. E.: Absorption into irrotational stagnation flow-A case study in convective diffusion theory, Ing. Eng. Chem. Fund., 9(1), 114-120, 1970.

Chu, C. R. & Jirka, G. H.: Turbulent gas flux measurements below the air-water interface of a grid-stirred tank, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 35, 1957-1968, 1992.

Danckwerts, P. V.: Significance of Liquid-Film Coefficients in Gas Absorption, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, ACS Publications, 1951.

Dickey T. D., Hartman, B., Hammond, D., and Hurst, E.: A laboratory technique for investigating the relationship between gas transfer and fluid turbulence, Brutsaert, W. & Jirka, G. H., Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, D. Ridel, 93-100, 1984.

Dong Y.H. & Lu, X.Y.: Direct numerical simulation of stably and unstably stratified turbulent open channel flows, Acta Mechanica, 177, 115-136, 2005.

Fortescue, G. E., & Pearson, J. R. A.: On gas absorption into a turbulent liquid. Chemical Engineering Science, 22(9), 1163-1176, 1967.

Fujita, I., Muste, M., and Kruger, A.: Large-scale particle image velocimetry for flow analysis in hydraulic engineering applications, J. Hydraulic Res., 36, 397-414, 1998. Gålfalk, M., Bastviken, D., Fredriksson, S., and Arneborg, L.: Determination of the piston velocity for water-air interfaces using flux chambers, acoustic Doppler velocimetry, and IR imaging of the water surface, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 118, 770–782, 2013.

Garbe, C. S., Handler, R. A., and Jähne, B.: Transport at the Air-Sea Interface, Springer- Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 320, 2014.

Girimaji, S. S.: Partially-averaged Navier-Stokes model for turbulence: A Reynolds- averaged Navier-Stokes to direct numerical simulation bridging method, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 73(3), 413-421, 2006.

Handler R. A., Saylor J. R., Leighton R. I., and Rovelstad A. L.: Transport of a passive scalar at a shear-free boundary in fully developed turbulent open channel flow, Physics of Fluids, 11, 2607-2625, 1999.

Hasegawa, Y., & N. Kasagi.: Systematic analysis of high Schmidt number turbulent mass transfer across clean, contaminated and solid interfaces, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 29(3), 765-773, 2008.

Herlina & Jirka, G. H.: Application of LIF to investigate gas transfer near the air-water interface in a grid-stirred tank, Exps. Fluids, 37, 341-349, 2004.

Herlina & Jirka, G. H.: Experiments on gas transfer at the air-water interface induced by oscillating grid turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 594, 183-208, 2008.

Herlina, H. & Wissink, J. G.: Direct numerical simulation of turbulent scalar transport across a flat surface J. Fluid Mech., 744, 217-249, 2014.

Higbie, R.: The rate of absorption of a pure gas into still liquid during short period of exposure, AIChE Trans., 31, 365-390, 1935.

Hori, T., & Sakakibara, J.: High Speed Scanning Stereoscopic PIV for 3D Vorticity Measurement in Liquids, Measurement Sci. and Technol., 15(6), 1067-1078, 2004.

Hunt, J. C. R. & Graham, J. M. R.: Free stream turbulence near plane boundaries, J. Fluid Mech., 84, 209-235, 1978.

Komori, S., Murakami, Y., and Ueda, H.: The relationship between surface-renewal and bursting motions in an open channel flow, J. Fluid Mech., 203, 103-123, 1989.

Komori, S., Nagaosa, R., and Murakami, Y.: Turbulence structure and mass transfer across a sheared air-water interface in wind-driven turbulence, J. Fluid Mech, 249, 161-183, 1993.

Kubrak, B., Herlina, H., Greve , F., and Wissink , J. G.: Low-diffusivity scalar transport using a WENO scheme and dual meshing, J. Comput. Phys., 240, 158-173, 2013.

Lamont, J. C. & Scott, D. S.: An eddy cell model of mass transfer into the surface of a turbulent liquid, J. AIChE, 16(4), 513-519, 1970.

Lewis, W. K. & Whitman, W. G.: Principles of gas absorption, Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 1215- 1220, 1924.

Magnaudet, J. & Calmet, I.: Turbulent mass transfer through a flat shear-free surface, J Fluid Mech., 553, 155-185, 2006.

Matsunaga, N., Sugihara, Y., Komatsu, T., and Masuda, A.: Quantitative properties of oscillating-grid turbulence in a homogeneous fluid, Fluid Dyn. Res., 25, 147- 165,1999.

McCready, M. J., Vassiliadou, E., and Hanratty, T. J.: Computer simulation of turbulent mass transfer at a mobile interface, AIChE J., 32, 1108-1115, 1986.

McKenna, S. P. & McGillis, M. R.: The role of free-surface turbulence and surfactants in air-water gas transfer, Int. J. Hear Mass Transfer, 47, 539-553, 2004.

Miki, T.: A study on turbulent scales controlling the gas transfer at air-water interface, Master thesis, Kyushu University, 2007. (In Japanese)

Miki, T., Sugihara, Y. and Tsumori, H.: Scaling of thickness of dissolved gas concentration boundary layer near water surface, Proceedings of JSCE Annual Meeting, 2-148, 293-294, 2006. (In Japanese)

Mitani, S.: Universal description of the gas transfer mechanism at air-water interface, Master thesis, Kyushu University, 2009. (In Japanese)

Moog, D. B. and Jirka, G. H.: Air-water gas transfer in uniform channel flow, J. Hydraulic Eng., 125(1), 3-10, 1999.

Na, Y., Papavassiliou, D. V., and Hanratty, T. J.: Use of direct numerical simulation to study the effect of Prandtl number on temperature fields, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 20(3), 187-195, 1999.

Nagaosa, R. S.: Reprint of: A numerical modelling of gas exchange mechanisms between air and turbulent water with an aquarium chemical reaction, J. Comput. Phys., 271, 172-190, 2014.

Nagaosa, R. & Handler R. A.: Statistical analysis of coherent vortices near a free surface in a fully developed turbulence, Physics of Fluids, 15, 375-394, 2003.

Nagaosa, R. & Handler R. A.: Characteristic time scales for prediction the scalar flux at a free surface in turbulent open-channel flows, AIChE Journal, 58, 3867-3877, 2012. Nezu, I. and Nakagawa, H.: Turbulence in open-channel flows, IAHR Monograph, Balkema, 1993.

Rantakari, M., Heiskanen, J., Mammarella, I., Tulonen, T., Linnaluoma, J., Kankaala, P., and Ojala, A.: Different apparent gas exchange coefficients for CO2 and CH4: Comparing a brown-water and a clear-water lake in the boreal zone during the whole growing season, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49(19), 11, 388-394, 2015.

Shur, M. L., Spalart, P. R., Strelets, M. K., and Travin, A. K.: A hybrid RANS-LES approach with delayed-DES and wall-modelled LES capabilities, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 29(6), 1638-1649, 2008.

Sugihara, Y. & Sanjou, M.: Turbulence and Gas Transfer in Interfacial Hydraulics – Progresses of Experiments and models-, Nagare, 30, 181-193, 2011. (In Japanese)

Takehara, K. and Etoh, T.: A proposal of a vorticity estimation method with MLS and PTV and its application to flows under wind waves, Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers B, 65(3), 151-165, 2009.

Teraoka, R., Sugihara, Y., Nakagawa, T., and Matsunaga, N.: Numerical study on free- surface turbulence in thermally-stratified open-channel flows. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), 71(4), 583-588, 2015. (In Japanese)

Theofanous, T. G., Houze, R. N. and Brumfield, L. K.: Turbulent mass transfer at free, gas-liquid interfaces, with applications to open-channel, bubble and jet flows, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 19,613-624, 1976.

Tsumori, H: Study on breaking wave and turbulence characteristics and gas transfer velocity at wind-wave interface, Doctoral thesis, Kyushu University, 2004. (In Japanese)

Tsumori, H. and Sugihara, Y.: Lengthscales of motions that control air-water gas transfer in grid-stirred turbulence, J. Mar. Syst., 66, 6-18, 2007.

Verstappen, R. W. C. P., and A. E. P. Veldman.; Spectro-consistent discretization of Navier-Stokes: a challenge to RANS and LES, Floating, Flowing, Flying. Springer, Dordrecht, 163-179, 1998.

Walters, D.K. & Cokljat, D.: A three-equation eddy-viscosity model for Reynolds- averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of transitional flow. Journal of fluids engineering, 130(12), 121401, 2008.

Wang, B., Liao, Q., Fillingham, J. H., and Bootsma, H. A.: On the coefficients of small eddy and surface divergence models for the air-water gas transfer velocity, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 2129–2146, 2015.

Wells, J., C., Sugimoto, H., Nguyen, C., V., and Kishida, K.: Camera calibration for stereo P.I.V. with a front-rear camera arrangement –application to open-channel flow, Ann. J. of Hydraulic Eng., JSCE, 47, 451-456, 2003.

CHAPTER 3

Dong Y.H. and Lu X.Y., Direct numerical simulation of stably and unstably stratified turbulent open channel flows, Acta Mechanica, 177, 115-136, 2005.

Herlina and Jirka, G. H., Experiments on the gas transfer at the air-water interface induced by oscillating grid turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 594, 183-208, 2008.

Hasegawa, Y. and Kasagi, N., Hybrid DNS/LES of high Schmidt number mass transfer across turbulent air-water interface, J. Heat Mass transfer, 52, 854-874, 2009.

Herlina H. and Wissink J.G., Direct numerical simulation of turbulent scalar transport across a flat surface, J Fluid Mech, 744, 217-249, 2014.

Hunt, J. C., Wray, A. A., and Moin, P.: Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent flows, Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program, 1988.

Komori, S., Nagaosa, R. and Murakami, Y., Turbulence structure and mass transfer across a sheared air-water interface in wind-driven turbulence, J. Fluid Mech, 249, 161- 183, 1993.

Komori S., R. Nagaosa, and H. Ueda, The relationship between surface-renewal and bursting motions in an open-channel flow, J. Fluid Mech., 203, 103-123, 1989.

Komori, S., H. Ueda, F. Ogino and T. Mizushina, Turbulence structure in stably stratified open-channel flow, J. Fluid Mech., 130, 13-26, 1983.

Nagaosa R., and R. A. Handler, Characteristic time scales for predicting the scalar flux at a free surface in turbulent open-channel flows, AIChE Journal, 58, 3867-3877, 2012. Robinson, S.K., Coherent motions in the turbulent boundary ayer, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 601-639, 1991.

Sanjou, M. and Nezu., Experimental study on surface velocity divergence and interfacial gas transfer in open-channel flows, Journal of JSCE, 1, 82-89, 2013.

Teraoka, R., Y. Sugihara, T. Nakagawa and N. Matsunaga, Numerical study on free- surface turbulence in thermally-stratified open-channel flows. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), 71, 583-588, 2015. (In Japanese)

Tsumori, H. and Sugihara, Y., Lengthscales of motion that control the air-water gas transfer in grid-stirred turbulence, J. Marine Systems, 66, 6-18, 2007.

CHAPTER 4

Chu, C. R. & Jirka, G. H.: Turbulent gas flux measurements below the air-water interface of a grid-stirred tank, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 35, 1957-1968, 1992.

Herlina and Jirka, G. H.: Application of LIF to investigate gas transfer near the air-water interface in a grid-stirred tank, Experiments in Fluids, 37, pp.341-349, 2004.

Herlina and Jirka, G. H.: Experiments on gas transfer at the air-water interface induced by oscillating grid turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 594, 183-208, 2008.

Hopfinger, E. J. & Toly, J. A.: Spatially decaying turbulence and its relation to mixing across density interfaces, J. Fluid Mech., 78(1), 155-175, 1976.

Komatsu, T., Shibata, T., Asai, K. and Takahara, K.: Turbulent characteristics near free surface of an oscillating-grid turbulence field, Ann. J. Hydraul. Eng., JSCE, 39, 819- 826, 1995. (In Japanese)

Matsunaga et al., Quantitative properties of oscillating-grid turbulence in a homogeneous fluid, Fluid Dynamics Res., 25, 147-165, 1999.

Miki, T.: A study on turbulent scales controlling the gas transfer at air-water interface, Master thesis, Kyushu University, 2007. (In Japanese)

Mitani, S.: Universal description of the gas transfer mechanism at air-water interface, Master thesis, Kyushu University, 2009. (In Japanese)

Nezu, I., and Nakagawa, H.: Turbulent structure of backward-facing step flow and coherent vortex shedding from reattachment in open-channel flows, Turbulent shear flows, 6, 313-337, 1989.

Rodi, W.: Turbulence models and their application in hydraulics, third revised edition. Monograph, Int. Assoc. Hydraul. Res., Delft, The Netherlands, 1993.

Sugihara, Y. and Matsunaga, N.: Application of a Reynolds stress model to turbulence near a free surface, Ann. J. Hydraul. Eng., JSCE, 42, 613-618, 1998. (In Japanese)

Sugihara, Y. and Sanjou, M.: Turbulence and gas transfer in interfacial hydraulics-progresses of experiments and models-，Nagare, 30, 181-193, 2011. (In Japanese)

Tsumori, H., Sugihara, Y., Lengthscales of motions that control air-water gas transfer in grid-stirred turbulence, J. Marine Systems, 66, 6-18, 2007.

Ura, M.: Hydraulic study on interfacial phenomena in two-layered flow, Doctoral thesis, Kyushu University, 128p., 1984. (In Japanese)

Ura, M., Komatsu, T. and Matsunaga, N.: Entrainment due to oscillating-grid turbulence in two-layered fluid, In: Chen, C. J., Chen, L.-D. and Holly, F. M., Jr. (Eds.), Turbulence Measurements and Flow Modeling, Hemisphere, New York, 109-118, 1987.

Yoshizawa, A.: Chapter 3 Turbulent transports and Reynold-averaged modeling, Nagare, 30, 241-261, 2011. (In Japanese)

参考文献をもっと見る

全国の大学の
卒論・修論・学位論文
を
一発検索！

この論文の関連論文を見る