Energy resolution of CANDLES detector for studying neutrino-less double beta decay of 48Ca

[1] S. Mukhi and P. Roy, “Developments in high energy theory”, Pramana- J Phys, vol. 73, pp. 3–60 (2009). DOI: 10.1007/s12043-009-0093-9

[2] J. Chadwick, “Comparison of the intensity of the different types of beta rays from radium B and radium C,” Verh. d. deutschen Phys. Ges., vol. 16, pp. 383 (1914).

[3] C. L. Cowan, Jr. F. Reines, et al., “Detection of the Free Neutrino: a Confirmation,” Science, vol. 20, no. 3212, pp. 103-104 (1956). DOI: 10.1126/science.124.3212.103

[4] G. Danby, et al., “Observation of High-Energy Neutrino Reactions and the Existence of Two Kinds of Neutrinos,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 36 (1962). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.36

[5] DONUT Collaboration, “Observation of tau neutrino interactions,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 504, no. 3, pp. 218-224 (2001). DOI: 10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00307-0

[6] The ALEPH Collaboration, The DELPHI Collaboration, The L3 Col- laboration, The OPAL Collaboration, The SLD Collaboration, The LEP Electroweak Working Group and The SLD Electroweak and Heavy Flavour Groups, “Precision electroweak measurements on the Z reso- nance,” Physics Reports 427 (2006). DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2005.12.006

[7] John N. Bahcall, Raymond Davis Jr., “Solar Neutrinos: A Scientific Puzzle,” Science, vol. 191, no. 4224, pp. 264-267 (1976). DOI: 10.1126/science.191.4224.264

[8] K. S. Hirata et al., “Experimental study of the atmospheric neutrino flux,” Phys. Lett. B, vol. 205, no. 2-3, pp. 416-420 (1988). DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(88)91690-5

[9] V.Gribov and B.Pontecorvo, “Neutrino astronomy and lepton charge,” Physics Letter B, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 493-496 (1969). DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(69)90525-5

[10] S. Fukuda et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration), “Solar and hep neu- trino measurements from 1258 days of super-kamiokande data,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 86, p. 5651 (2001). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.5651

[11] Q. R. Ahmad et al. (SNO Collaboration), “Direct evidence for neutrino flavor transformation from neutral-current interactions in the sudbury neutrino observatory,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 89, p. 011301 (2002). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.011301

[12] P. Hern´andez, “Neutrino Physics,” Proceedings of the 2015 CERN–Latin-American School of High-Energy Physics, CERN-2016-005 (2016). DOI: 10.5170/CERN-2016-005.85

[13] I. Esteban et al., “Global analysis of three- avour neutrino oscillations: synergies and tensions in the determination of θ23, δCP , and the mass ordering,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2019, pp. 106, DOI: 10.1007/JHEP01(2019)106

[14] G. Yang (JUNO Collaboration), “Neutrino mass hierarchy determina- tion at reactor antineutrino experiments,” arXiv:1509.08747v3 [physics.ins-det] 30 Apr 2016.

[15] PLANCK Collaboration, “Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological param- eters,” 1807.06209v2 [astro-ph.CO] 20 Sep 2019.

[16] Craig Aalseth et al., “Neutrinoless double beta decay and direct searches for neutrino mass,” arXiv:hep-ph/0412300v1 21 Dec 2004.

[17] M. Aker (KATRIN Collaboration), “An improved upper limit on the neutrino mass from a direct kinematic method by KATRIN,” Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 123, pp. 221802 (2019), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.221802

[18] C. Patrignani et al., “The Review of Particle Physics (2017)“, (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C, 40, 100001 (2016) and 2017, DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001

[19] S. Dell’Oro, S. Marcocci, M. Viel and F. Vissani, “Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: 2015 Review,” Adv. High Energy Phys. 2162659 (2016). DOI: 10.1155/2016/2162659

[20] M. Goeppert-Mayer, “Double Beta-Disintegration,” Phys. Rev., vol. 48, no. 512 (1935). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.48.512

[21] Andrea Giuliani and Alfredo Poves, “Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay,” Adv. High Energy Phys. 2012, pp. 1-38 (2012). DOI: 10.1155/2012/857016

[22] A. Balysh et al., “Double Beta Decay of 48Ca,” Phys. Rev., Lett., vol. 77, pp. 5186 (1996). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5186

[23] The GERDA Collaboration, “Measurement of the half-life of the two- neutrino double beta decay of 76Ge with the GERDA experiment,” J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 035110 (2013). DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/40/3/035110

[24] NEMO3 Collaboration, “Measurement of the two neutrino double beta decay half-life of 96Zr with the NEMO-3 detector,” Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 847, no 3-4, pp. 168-179 (2010). DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.07.009

[25] R. Arnold et al. (NEMO-3 Collaborator), “First results of the search of neutrinoless double beta decay with the NEMO-3 detector”, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 95, pp. 182302 (2005). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.182302

[26] L. Simard et al. (NEMO-3 Collaborator), “The NEMO-3 results after completion of data taking,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 375, no. 4, pp. 042011 (2012), DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/375/1/042011

[27] R. Arnold et al. (NEMO-3 Collaborator), “Measurement of the Double Beta Decay Half-life of 130Te with the NEMO-3 Detector,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 107, pp. 062504 (2011). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.062504

[28] J. B. Albert et al. (EXO Collaboration), “Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector”, Phys. Rev. C, vol. 89, pp. 015502 (2014). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502

[29] J. Argyriades et al. (NEMO Collaboration), “Measurement of the double-β decay half-life of 150Nd and search for neutrinoless decay modes with the NEMO-3 detector,” Phys. Rev. C, vol. 80, pp. 032501 (2009). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.80.032501

[30] Frank T. Avignone III, “Double beta decay, Majorana neutrinos, and neutrino mass,” Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 80, pp. 481-516 (2008). DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.80.481

[31] Oliviero Cremonesi, “Neutrinoless double beta decay: Present and fu- ture,” Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), vol. 118, pp. 287-296 (2003). DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5632(03)01331-8

[32] J. Kotila and F. Iachello, “Phase space factors for double-β decay,” Phys. Rev. C, vol. 85, pp. 034316 (2012). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.85.034316

[33] A. Faessler, V. Rodin and F. Simkovic, “Nuclear matrix elements for neutrinoless double beta decay and double-electron capture,” J, Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 39, pp. 124006 (2012). DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/39/12/124006/meta

[34] Y. Iwata et al., “Large-Scale Shell-Model Analysis of the Neutorinoless ββ Decay of 48Ca,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 116, pp. 112502 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.112502

[35] T. R. Rodriguez and G. M. Pinedo, “Energy Density Functional Study of Nuclear Matrix Elements for Neutrinoless ββ Decay,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, pp. 252503 (2010). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.252503

[36] J. Barea, J. Kotila and F. Iachello, “0νββ and 2νββ nuclear matrix elements in the interacting boson model with isospin restoration,” Phys. Rev. C 91 034304 (2015). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.91.034304

[37] F. Simkovic et al., “0νββ and 2νββ nuclear matrix elements, quasipar- ticle random-phase approximation, and isospin symmetry restoration,” Phys. Rev. C 87 045501 (2013). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.87.045501

[38] S. R. Elliot and P. Vogel, “DOUBLE BETA DECAY,“ Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 52 115 (2002). DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nucl.52.050102.090641

[39] S. Umehara et al., “Neutrino-less double-β decay of 48Ca studied by CaF2(Eu) scintillators,” Phys. Rev. C 78, 058501 (2008). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.78.058501

[40] T. Iida et al., “First result of the CANDLES III experiment searching for double beta decay of 48Ca,” Poster the Neutrino Conference (2018). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1300736

[41] M. Agostini et al., “Probing Majorana neutrinos with double-β decay,” Science, vol. 365, no. 6460, pp. 1445-1448 (2019). DOI: 10.1126/science.aav8613

[42] M. Agostini et al., “Supplementary Materials - Probing Majorana neu- trinos with double-β decay,” (2019). DOI: 10.1126/science.aav8613

[43] O. Azzolini et al., “Final Result of CUPID-0 Phase-I in the Search for the 82Se Neutrinoless Double-β Decay,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 123, pp. 032501 (2019). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.032501

[44] NEMO Collaboration, “Measurement of the two neutrino double beta decay half-life of Zr-96 with the NEMO-3 detector,” Nuclear Physics A, vol. 847, pp. 168-179 (2010). DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.07.009

[45] NEMO Collaboration, “Results of the search for neutrinoless double-β decay in 100Mo with the NEMO-3 experiment,” Phys. Rev. D, vol. 92, pp. 072011 (2015). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.92.072011

[46] A. S. Barabash et al., “Final results of the Aurora experiment to study 2β decay of 116Cd with enriched 116CdWO4 crystal scintillators,” Phys. Rev. D, vol. 98, pp. 092007 (2018). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.98.092007

[47] C. Alduino et al. (CUORE Collaboration), “First Results from CUORE: A Search for Lepton Number Violation via 0νββ Decay of 130Te,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 120, pp. 132501 (2018). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.132501

[48] KamLAND-Zen Collaboration, “Search for Majorana Neutrinos Near the Inverted Mass Hierarchy Region with KamLAND-Zen,” PRL 117 082503 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.082503

[49] NEMO Collaboration, “Measurement of the 2νββ decay half-life of 150Nd and a search for 0νββ decay processes with the full exposure from the NEMO-3 detector,” Phys. Rev. D 94 072003 (2016). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.94.072003

[50] A. Bakalyarov et al.,”Search for β− and β−β− decays of 48Ca,” Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 700, pp. 12-24, (2002). DOI: 10.1016/S0375-9474(01)01306-9

[51] Y. Suzuki and K. Inoue, “Kamioka underground observatories,” The Eur. Phys. J. Plus, vol. 127, p. 111 (2012). DOI: 10.1140/epjp/i2012-12111-2

[52] Chan W.M., “Study of 180mTa Decay and Development of Ultra-low Background Gamma-ray Spectrometry,” Ph.D. Thesis, Osaka University (2017) DOI: 10.18910/61506.

[53] J. M. Carmona et al., “Neutron background at the Canfranc under- ground laboratory and its contribution to the IGEX-DM dark matter experiment,” Astropart. Phys., vol. 21, pp. 523-533 (2004). DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.002

[54] S. Yoshida, “CANDLES project for double beta decay of 48Ca”, Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.) vol. 138, pp. 214-216 (2005). DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.11.051

[55] Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., “Photomultiplier tubes and assemblies for scintillation counting & high energy physics,” Web (accessed date September 14 2020): R7081-100 Datasheet

[56] Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., “Photomultiplier tubes and assemblies for scintillation counting & high energy physics,” Web (accessed date September 14 2020): R8055 R7250 Datasheet

[57] S. Umehara et al., “Search for Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay with CANDLES,” Physics Procedia, vol. 61, pp. 283 – 288 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.046

[58] K. Nakajima et al., “Performance of updated shielding system in CAN- DLES,” AIP Conference Proceedings 1921, 060003 (2018). DOI: 10.1063/1.5018999

[59] T. Iida et al., “Status and future prospect of 48Ca double beta decay search in CANDLES,” J. of Phys.: Conf. Series, vol. 718, no. 6, p. 062026 (2016). DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/718/6/062026

[60] Y. Hirano, “CANDLES Detector for the study of Double Beta Decay of 48Ca,” Ph.D. Thesis Osaka University (2008). Thesis link - Local access in CANDLES

[61] S. Yoshida et al., “Ultra-violet wavelength shift for undoped CaF2 scin- tillation detector by two phase of liquid scintillator system in CAN- DLES,” Nucl. Ins. Meth. A, vol. 601, pp. 282-293 (2009). DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.190

[62] H. Kakubata, “Study of Backgrounds in CANDLES to search for Double Beta Decays of 48Ca,” Ph.D. Thesis, Osaka University (2015). DOI: 10.18910/54022

[63] T. Maeda et al., “The CANDLES Trigger System for the Study of Dou- ble Beta Decay of 48Ca,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 62, pp. 1128–1134 (2015). DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2015.2423275

[64] K. Suzuki et al., “New DAQ System for the CANDLES Experiment,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 1122–1127 (2015). DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2015.2423673

[65] B. T. Khai et al., “µTCA DAQ System and Parallel Reading in CANDLES Experiment,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 1174–1181 (2019). DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2019.2900984

[66] Texas Instruments, “Low Power, 8-Bit, Dual 500 MSPS A/D Con- verter,” March 2013, Web (accessed date September 14 2020): ADC08DL502 Data Sheet.

[67] M. Nomachi and S. Ajimara, “Serial Data Link on Advanced TCA Back Plane,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 2849-2852 (2006). DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2006.882776

[68] S. Umehara et al., “Search for Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay with CANDLES,” Phys. Procedia, vol. 61, pp. 283 – 288 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.046

[69] S.R.Hashemi-Nezhad and L.S.Peak, “Background neutron flux determi- nation at a depth of 3200 mwe underground,” Nucl. Inst. Meth. A, vol. 357, no. 2-3, pp. 524-534 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/0168-9002(94)01527-9

[70] A. Minamino, “XMASSS実験、100kg検出器の性能評価と中性子バックグラウンドの研究,” Master Thesis, University of Tokyo (2004). Thesis link

[71] D.-M. Mei and A. Hime, “Muon-induced background study for under- ground laboratories,” Phys. Rev. D, vol. 73, pp. 053004 (2006). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.053004

[72] T. Maeda, “Study of Ca-49 Background in Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of Ca-48,” Ph.D. Thesis, Osaka University (2018). Thesis link

[73] T. Ohata, “Search for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in 48Ca with the CANDLES III experiment,” Ph.D. Thesis, Osaka University (2018). Thesis link

[74] K. Mizukoshi, “Energy response of CANDLES detector and background of ambient neutron in underground,” Master Thesis, Osaka University (2019). Thesis link

[75] M. Moser, “Analysis of neutron induced background in CANDLES,” Master Thesis, Osaka University (2017). Thesis link

[76] S. Okumura et al., “Recent Studies on Ca Isotope Separation by Crown- Ether Resin Chromatography,” J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci, 16 (2015). DOI: 10.14494/jnrs.16.11

[77] S. Umehara et al., “A basic study on the production of enriched isotope 48Ca by using crown-ether resin,” Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys., vol. 2015, pp. 053C03 (2015). DOI: 10.1093/ptep/ptv063

[78] B. E. Jepson and R. Dewitt, “SEPARATION OF CALCIUM ISO- TOPES WITH MACROCYCLIC POLYETHER CALCIUM COM- PLEXES,” J. Inorg, Nucl. Chem. 38 (1976). DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(76)80244-8

[79] T. Kishimoto, K. Matsuoka, T. Fukumoto, and S. Umehara, “Cal- cium isotope enrichment by means of multi-channel counter-current elec- trophoresis for the study of particle and nuclear physics,” Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 033D03 (2015). DOI: 10.1093/ptep/ptv020

[80] C.J. Kim et. al., “Proliferation-resistant stable isotope separation based on optical pumping,” Proceeding of the 10. International workshop on SPLG2008 (2008)

[81] A. P. Babichev et. al., “Development of the laser isotope separation method (AVLIS) for obtaining weight amounts of highly enriched 150Nd isotope,” Quantum Electron. 35 879 (2005). DOI: 10.1070/QE2005v035n10ABEH006601

[82] S. Umehara, “Neutrino-less double beta decay of 48Ca studied by CaF2(pure) scintillators,” Oral Presentation in International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, 24-28 July (2017).

[83] K. Tetsuno, “Status of 48Ca double beta decay search and its future prospect in CANDLES,” Oral Presentation in International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, 9-13 September (2019).

[84] X. Li, “Study of a Large CaF2(Eu) Scintillating Bolometer for Neutrino- less Double Beta Decay,” Poster Presentation in International Confer- ence on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, 9-13 Septem- ber (2019).

[85] K. K. Lee, “ Bolometer Development using Neutron Transmutation Doped Ge in CANDLES for the study of Neutrinoless Double Beta de- cay,” Oral Presentation in Japan Physics Society Autumn Meeting 2019, 10-13 September (2019).

[86] V. B. Brudanin et al., “Search for double beta decay of 48Ca in the TGV experiment,” Physics Letters B, vol. 495, no 1-2, pp. 63-68 (2000). DOI: 10.1016/S0370-2693(00)01244-2

[87] A. S. Barabash, “Average (recommended) half-life values for two- neutrino double-beta decay,” Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 52, no. 4 (2002). DOI: 10.1023/A:1015369612904

[88] M. Moszyn´ski et al., “Intrinsic energy resolution of NaI(Tl),” Nucl. Inst. Meth. A, vol. 484, no. 1-3, pp. 259-269 (2002). DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01964-7

[89] M. Moszyn´ski, “Energy resolution and non-proportionality of scintilla- tion detectors – new observations,” Nucl. Inst. Meth. A, vol. 45, no. 3-6, pp. 372-376 (2010). DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.10.012

[90] M. Moszyn´ski et al., “Energy resolution of scintillation detectors,” Nucl. Inst. Meth. A, vol. 805, pp. 25-35 (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.10.012

[91] IEEE Instrumentation Society, “IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders”, IEEE Std 1057T M -2017 (2018). DOI: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8291741

[92] K. Kanagawa, “µTCA規格による読み出しシステムを用いた“ CaF2(Eu) 結晶のエネルギー分解能の測定,” Master Thesis, Osaka University (2017). Thesis link - Local access in CANDLES

[93] H. Kino, “CANDLESS実験のためのLED光源を用いた1光電子測定,” Master Thesis, Osaka University (2018). Thesis link - Local access in CANDLES

[94] E. Kinoshita, “1p.e. analysis”, Non-Accelerator Meeting (NAP) report in CANDLES, Mar. 13th (2017).

[95] B. T. Khai, “PMT Noise”, Non-Accelerator Meeting (NAP) report in CANDLES, Apr. 17th (2017).

[96] M. Tsuzuki, “CANDLESS実験のための時間較正,” Master Thesis, Os- aka University (2017). Thesis link - Local access in　CANDLES

[97] S. Derenzo, M. Boswell, M. Weber and K. Brennan (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Scintillation Properties Website (accessed date February 24 2020).

[98] Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Nucl´eide - Lara, Library for gamma and alpha emissions (accessed date February 24 2020).

[99] V.B. Mikhailik et al., “Scintillation properties of pure CaF2”, Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A, vol. 566, pp. 522–525 (2006), DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2006.06.063

[100] Cryomech Co., “Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (online resource)” (accessed date February 24 2020).

[101] U. Wagner, “REFRIGERATION”, CAS - CERN Accelerator School on Superconductivity and Cryogenics for Accelerators and Detectors, Erice, Italy, 8 - 17 May 2002, pp.295-345, DOI: 10.5170/CERN-2004-008.295

[102] M. Doi, T. Kotani et al., “Neutrino Mass, the Right-Handed Interaction and the Double Beta Decay, I”, Prog. Theo. Phys., vol. 66, no. 5 (1981). DOI: 10.1143/PTP.66.1739