Exploring the biosynthesis and physiological function of gibberellin-related compounds in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha

概要

The phytohormone gibberellin
Plants use hormones, i.e., small signaling molecules, to coordinate growth, development
and responses to the environment. Gibberellins (GAs) are a group of diterpenoid compounds
broadly produced by many plants and plant-associated microbes (MacMillan, 2001; Bömke
and Tudzynski, 2009; Nett et al., 2017). First discovered from the rice pathogen fungus
Fusarium fujikuroi (previously known as Gibberella fujikuroi), GAs contribute to the
excessive growth symptoms in the bakanae disease caused by the fungus (Kurosawa, 1926).
Later in 1950s, GAs were isolated from the bean Phaseolus coccineus and other plants,
establishing their role as endogenous plant hormones (MacMillan and Suter, 1958). The most
prominent activity of GA in flowering plants is growth promotion. Deficiency in GA
biosynthesis or signaling often leads to severe dwarfism and organ growth defects, e.g.,
affecting leaf expansion, floral development and fruit growth (Brian and Hemming, 1955;
Phinney, 1956; Koornneef and van der Veen, 1980; Sakamoto et al., 2004; Wenzel et al.,
2000; Yu et al., 2004; Fuentes et al., 2012). During seed germination, GA accumulation is
required for the elongative growth of the embryo and eventual rupture of the endosperm
(Urbanova and Leubner-Metzger, 2016).
As a group of chemical compounds, GAs are defined by their molecular structure instead
of physiological activity. Typical GAs have a tetracyclic skeleton containing 19 or 20 carbon
atoms, as exemplified by the structure of ent-gibberellane (Figure 1-1). ...

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