Abel T., Anninos P., Norman M. L., Zhang Y., 1998, ApJ, 508, 518
Abel T., Bryan G. L., Norman M. L., 2002, Science, 295, 93
Ahn K., Iliev I. T., Shapiro P. R., Mellema G., Koda J., Mao Y., 2012, ApJ,
756, L16
Allende Prieto C., Lambert D. L., Asplund M., 2001, ApJ, 556, L63
Allende Prieto C., Lambert D. L., Asplund M., 2002, ApJ, 573, L137
Bromm V., Coppi P. S., Larson R. B., 2002, ApJ, 564, 23
Bromm V., Yoshida N., Hernquist L., McKee C. F., 2009, Nature, 459, 49
Cayrel R. et al., 2004, A&A, 416, 1117
Chiaki G., Susa H., Hirano S., 2018, MNRAS, 475, 4378
Choi J.-H., Nagamine K., 2011, MNRAS, 410, 2579
Chon S., Hosokawa T., 2019, MNRAS, 488, 2658
Cooke R., Pettini M., Steidel C. C., Rudie G. C., Nissen P. E., 2011, MNRAS,
417, 1534
D’Odorico V. et al., 2016, MNRAS, 463, 2690
Davis M., Efstathiou G., Frenk C. S., White S. D. M., 1985, ApJ, 292,
371
Ekstr¨om S., Meynet G., Chiappini C., Hirschi R., Maeder A., 2008, A&A,
489, 685
Fan X. et al., 2006, AJ, 132, 117
Frebel A., Norris J. E., 2015, ARA&A, 53, 631
Greif T. H., Bromm V., Clark P. C., Glover S. C. O., Smith R. J., Klessen R.
S., Yoshida N., Springel V., 2012, MNRAS, 424, 399
Grevesse N., Sauval A. J., 1998, Space Sci. Rev., 85, 161
Heger A., Woosley S. E., 2010, ApJ, 724, 341
Hirano S., Bromm V., 2018, MNRAS, 476, 3964
Hirano S., Hosokawa T., Yoshida N., Umeda H., Omukai K., Chiaki G.,
Yorke H. W., 2014, ApJ, 781, 60
Hirano S., Hosokawa T., Yoshida N., Omukai K., Yorke H. W., 2015,
MNRAS, 448, 568
Holweger H., 2001, in Wimmer-Schweingruber R. F., ed., AIP Conf. Ser.
Vol. 598, Joint SOHO/ACE workshop ‘Solar and Galactic Composition’. Am. Inst. Phys., New York, p. 23
Hosokawa T., Omukai K., Yoshida N., Yorke H. W., 2011, Science, 334,
1250
Hosokawa T., Hirano S., Kuiper R., Yorke H. W., Omukai K., Yoshida N.,
2016, ApJ, 824, 119
Ikeuchi S., Tomisaka K., Ostriker J. P., 1983, ApJ, 265, 583
Ishigaki M., Kawamata R., Ouchi M., Oguri M., Shimasaku K., Ono Y.,
2018, ApJ, 854, 73
Ishiyama T., Fukushige T., Makino J., 2009, PASJ, 61, 1319
Ishiyama T., Nitadori K., Makino J., 2012, preprint (arXiv:1211.4406)
Ishiyama T., Enoki M., Kobayashi M. A. R., Makiya R., Nagashima M.,
Oogi T., 2015, PASJ, 67, 61
Ishiyama T., Sudo K., Yokoi S., Hasegawa K., Tominaga N., Susa H., 2016,
ApJ, 826, 9
Jaacks J., Thompson R., Finkelstein S. L., Bromm V., 2018, MNRAS, 475,
4396
Kinugawa T., Inayoshi K., Hotokezaka K., Nakauchi D., Nakamura T., 2014,
MNRAS, 442, 2963
Kuiper R., Hosokawa T., 2018, A&A, 616, A101
Machacek M. E., Bryan G. L., Abel T., 2001, ApJ, 548, 509
Madau P., 2018, MNRAS, 480, L43
Madau P., Dickinson M., 2014, ARA&A, 52, 415
Madau P., Pozzetti L., Dickinson M., 1998, ApJ, 498, 106
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/491/3/4387/5651180 by University of Tsukuba user on 14 September 2020
metal with galactic metal quantitatively, we analysed the results
of Illustris-1 simulation. In Models (b) and (c), Pop III originated
heavy elements dominate in a region with 0 log(1 + δ cell ) 1.3.
The corresponding median metal density is 10−34 g cm−3 ρZ <
10−33 g cm−3 . The metallicity of such region is ∼ 10−3.5 Z if we
adopt the gas mass fraction of b /(0 − b ) in its local overdensity.
Once star formation occurs, UV radiation in the Lyman–Werner
bands from the stars would suppress Pop III formation in surrounding minihaloes. Such a situation tends to occur in relatively active
star-forming regions. We reduce the effective star formation rate, but
the modelling does not depend on the environment. Further studies
focusing on the feedback process in the various environment are
required to update this point. The number of Pop III star-forming
minihaloes achieve numerical convergence as long as we run with
current models that are consistent with Hirano et al. (2015). A
similar convergence test has been conducted using hydrodynamic
simulations under different setup (Schauer et al. 2019). Multiple
Pop III star formation in each minihalo via fragmentation of
circumstellar disc (e.g. Turk, Abel & O’Shea 2009; Greif et al. 2012;
Susa 2019) can reduce the effective number of very massive stars.
It is required that statistically reliable IMF information is examined
using high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of
Pop III stars. Observations of gravitational-wave events might limit
the fraction of multiple Pop III star formation in each minihalo
(Kinugawa et al. 2014; Tagawa et al. 2015).
Considering the effect of cosmic expansion for the IGM that the
ejecta sweeps up, the yield metals are gone off to the outward of
minihaloes. The environmental density of IGM would affect the
propagation (e.g. Ikeuchi, Tomisaka & Ostriker 1983). We analyse
the smoothed distribution of metals to the mesh-size (∼50 proper
kpc), therefore, the contribution of expanding radius of each shell
to the global distribution of metals is small. On the other hand, if
a Pop III hosting minihalo isolates until low redshift, the gas and
metals are expected to be observed as a localized absorber. In order
to estimate the accurate feasibility of detecting the metals taking
in such effects, further works of high spatial and time resolution
cosmological radiation hydrodynamic simulations are required.
We provide metal distribution originated in Pop III stars with
200 M or 30 M stars. This approach will be useful in expanding
our understanding of how the metals are distributed in the cosmic
volume. Although it has not been concluded that which mass
stars are typical or there exist several typical masses (e.g. Hirano
et al. 2015), we can obtain the region with a higher mass density
of heavy elements than galactic metals in all our modellings. It
is essential whether we can distinguish the Pop III yield heavy
elements and galactic metals when we observe Pop III originated
metal dominated regions. We take the elemental abundance pattern
of SNe into account and confirm that the observed metals should
have a characteristic elemental abundance pattern, which is not
originated in galactic metals, even for partially contaminated cases.
IGM metal enrichment via Pop III stars
Songaila A., 1997, ApJ, 490, L1
Springel V., 2010, MNRAS, 401, 791
Stacy A., Greif T. H., Bromm V., 2012, MNRAS, 422, 290
Susa H., 2019, ApJ, 877, 99
Susa H., Hasegawa K., Tominaga N., 2014, ApJ, 792, 32
Tagawa H., Umemura M., Gouda N., Yano T., Yamai Y., 2015, MNRAS,
451, 2174
Takada M. et al., 2014, PASJ, 66, R1
Tegmark M., Silk J., Rees M. J., Blanchard A., Abel T., Palla F., 1997, ApJ,
474, 1
Torrey P., Cox T. J., Kewley L., Hernquist L., 2013, in Sun W.-H., Xu C.
K., Scoville N. Z., Sanders D. B., eds, ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 477, Galaxy
Mergers in an Evolving Universe. Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, p.
237
Tully R. B., Fisher J. R., 1977, A&A, 500, 105
Turk M. J., Abel T., O’Shea B., 2009, Science, 325, 601
Vogelsberger M., Genel S., Sijacki D., Torrey P., Springel V., Hernquist L.,
2013, MNRAS, 436, 3031
Vogelsberger M. et al., 2014, MNRAS, 444, 1518
Whalen D. J., Fryer C. L., Holz D. E., Heger A., Woosley S. E., Stiavelli
M., Even W., Frey L. H., 2013, ApJ, 762, L6
Wise J. H., Turk M. J., Norman M. L., Abel T., 2012, ApJ, 745, 50
Yoshida N., Omukai K., Hernquist L., Abel T., 2006, ApJ, 652, 6
Yoshida N., Omukai K., Hernquist L., 2008, Science, 321, 669
This paper has been typeset from a TEX/LATEX file prepared by the author.
MNRAS 491, 4387–4395 (2020)
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/491/3/4387/5651180 by University of Tsukuba user on 14 September 2020
Madau P., Ferrara A., Rees M. J., 2001, ApJ, 555, 92
Meynet G., Ekstr¨om S., Maeder A., 2006, A&A, 447, 623
Mori M., Ferrara A., Madau P., 2002, ApJ, 571, 40
Nakamura F., Umemura M., 2001, ApJ, 548, 19
Nelson D. et al., 2015, Astron. Comput., 13, 12
Nomoto K., Kobayashi C., Tominaga N., 2013, ARA&A, 51, 457
Omukai K., 2000, ApJ, 534, 809
Omukai K., Nishi R., 1998, ApJ, 508, 141
Omukai K., Palla F., 2001, ApJ, 561, L55
Omukai K., Palla F., 2003, ApJ, 589, 677
Oppenheimer B. D., Dav´e R., Katz N., Kollmeier J. A., Weinberg D. H.,
2012, MNRAS, 420, 829
Pˆaris I. et al., 2018, A&A, 613, A51
Penprase B. E., Prochaska J. X., Sargent W. L. W., Toro-Martinez I., Beeler
D. J., 2010, ApJ, 721, 1
Pillepich A. et al., 2018, MNRAS, 475, 648
Planck Collaboration XVI, 2014, A&A, 571, A16
Richards G. T. et al., 2009, ApJS, 180, 67
Ryan S. G., Norris J. E., Beers T. C., 1996, ApJ, 471, 254
Schauer A. T. P., Glover S. C. O., Klessen R. S., Ceverino D., 2019, MNRAS,
484, 3510
Schaye J., Aguirre A., Kim T.-S., Theuns T., Rauch M., Sargent W. L. W.,
2003, ApJ, 596, 768
Schaye J. et al., 2015, MNRAS, 446, 521
Schenker M. A. et al., 2013, ApJ, 768, 196
Schneider R., Ferrara A., Natarajan P., Omukai K., 2002, ApJ, 571,
30
Simcoe R. A., Sargent W. L. W., Rauch M., 2004, ApJ, 606, 92
4395
...