1. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Annual enrollment at schools training
registered nurses and nursing assistants [in Japanese]. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology. http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/kango/1353401.htm. Published May, 2018. Accessed
August 13, 2019.
2. Japan Nursing Association. Toward a 4-year system of basic nursing education [in Japanese]. Japan Nursing
Association. https://www.nurse.or.jp/nursing/4th_year/index.html. Published n.d. Accessed July 19, 2019.
3. Ritter BJ, Witte MJ. Clinical Reasoning in Nursing. In: Higgs J, Jensen GM, Loftus S, Christensen N, eds.
Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions. 4th ed. Edinburgh; New York: Elsevier; 2019: Chapter 22.
4. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Learning goals to acquire the “practical
nursing skills that are the core of a registered nursing program”: a model core curriculum for nursing
education [in Japanese]. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. https://www.mext.
go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/koutou/078/gaiyou/1397885.htm. Published October 2017. Accessed July 19,
2019.
5. Harmon MM, Thompson C. Clinical reasoning in pre-licensure nursing students. Teach Learn Nurs.
2015;10(2):63–70.
6. Burbach B, Barnason S, Thompson SA. Using “think aloud” to capture clinical reasoning during patient
simulation. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2015;12(1):1–7.
7. Forsberg E, Georg C, Ziegert K, Fors U. Virtual patients for assessment of clinical reasoning in nursing:
a pilot study. Nurse Educ Today. 2011;31(8):757–762.
8. Johnsen HM, Fossum M, Vivekananda-Schmidt P, Fruhling A, Slettebø Å. Teaching clinical reasoning and
decision-making skills to nursing students: design, development, and usability evaluation of a serious game.
Int J Med Inform. 2016;94:39–48.
9. Forsberg E, Ziegert K, Hult Hk, Fors U. Clinical reasoning in nursing, a think-aloud study using virtual
patients: a base for an innovative assessment. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(4):538–542.
10. Johansson ME, Pilhammar E, Willman A. Nurses’ clinical reasoning concerning management of peripheral
venous cannulae. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(23):3366–3375.
11. Ryan-Wenger NA, Lee JE. The clinical reasoning case study: a powerful teaching tool. Nurse Pract.
1997;22(5):66–67,70,76–79.
12. Russell JS, McWilliams M, Chasen L, Farley J. Using clickers for clinical reasoning and problem solving.
Nurse Educ. 2011;36(1):13–15.
13. Hoffman K, Dempsey J, Levett-Jones T, et al. The design and implementation of an Interactive Computerised
Decision Support Framework (ICDSF) as a strategy to improve nursing students’ clinical reasoning skills.
Nurse Educ Today. 2011;31(6):587–594.
14. Phillippi JC, Bull A, Holley SL. Expanding Primary care opportunities: simulation for clinical reasoning.
J Nurs Educ. 2013;52(5):299–302.
15. Gordon M. Manual of Nursing Diagnosis. 13th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2014.
16. Ishibashi A, Osada K, Fukuma M. Development of a scale to assess the critical thinking of clinical nurses
[in Japanese]. Jpn J Med Nurs Educ. 2015;24(2):7–12.
17. World Medical Association. WMA Declaration of Helsinki—Ethical Principles for Medical Research
Involving Human Subjects. World Medical Association. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declarationof-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/. Published July, 2018. Accessed
August 13, 2019.
405
Clinical reasoning in nursing students
18. Odajima Y, Furuichi M. Trends in the research on development and validation of teaching materials in
nursing education and continuing education [in Japanese]. J Jpn Soc Nurs Health Care. 2019;21(1):1–13.
19. Cappelletti A, Engel JK, Prentice D. Systematic review of clinical judgment and reasoning in nursing. J
Nurs Educ. 2014;53(8):453–458.
20. Levett-Jones T, Hoffman K, Dempsey J, et al. The “five rights” of clinical reasoning: an educational model
to enhance nursing students’ ability to identify and manage clinically “at risk” patients. Nurse Educ Today.
2010;30(6):515–520.
21. Westfall UE, Tanner CA, Putzier D, Padrick KP. Activating clinical inferences: a component of diagnostic
reasoning in nursing. Res Nurs Health. 1986;9(4):269–277.
22. Haffer AG, Raingruber BJ. Discovering confidence in clinical reasoning and critical thinking development
in baccalaureate nursing students. J Nurs Educ. 1998;37(2):61–70.
23. Tanner CA. Thinking like a nurse: a research-based model of clinical judgment in nursing. J Nurs Educ.
2006;45(6):204–211.
...