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Contribution: H.M. performed the experiments, collected and

analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript; T.S. conceived

the primary hypothesis, designed and organized the study, and

wrote the manuscript; T.F.C.-Y. performed human lung transplantation and helped collect the data on human lung specimens; A.Y. evaluated murine and human pathologic specimens

and edited the manuscript; H.T.N. helped with murine bone

marrow transplantation; F.G. helped with murine respiratory

function tests; H.D. performed human lung transplantation and

supervised the project; A.T.-K. supervised the project; and all

authors confirmed the final version of the manuscript and

approved it for publication.

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