1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68: 394–424.
2. Fearon ER. Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 2011; 6: 479–507.
3. Jung G, Hernandez-Illan E, Moreira L, et al. Epigenetics of colorectal cancer: biomarker and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17: 111–130.
4. Vaiopoulos AG, Athanasoula KC, Papavassiliou AG. Epigenetic modifications in colorectal cancer: molecular insights and therapeutic challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1842: 971–980.
5. Wilson BG, Roberts CW. SWI/SNF nucleosome remodellers and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11: 481–492.
6. Euskirchen G, Auerbach RK, Snyder M. SWI/SNF chromatinremodeling factors: multiscale analyses and diverse functions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 30897–30905.
7. Shen J, Peng Y, Wei L, et al. ARID1A deficiency impairs the DNA damage checkpoint and sensitizes cells to PARP inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2015; 5: 752–767.
8. Alpsoy A, Dykhuizen EC. Glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1 (GLTSCR1) and its paralog GLTSCR1-like form SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling subcomplexes. J Biol Chem 2018; 293: 3892–3903.
9. Marquez-Vilendrer SB, Thompson K, Lu L, et al. Mechanism of BRG1 silencing in primary cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 56153–56169.
10. von Figura G, Fukuda A, Roy N, et al. The chromatin regulator Brg1 suppresses formation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16: 255–267.
11. Guerrero-Martínez JA, Reyes JC. High expression of SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 is frequently associated with an opposite prognosis in cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 2043.
12. Sun A, Tawfik O, Gayed B, et al. Aberrant expression of SWI/SNF catalytic subunits BRG1/BRM is associated with tumor development and increased invasiveness in prostate cancers. Prostate 2007; 67: 203–213.
13. Tsuda M, Fukuda A, Roy N, et al. The BRG1/SOX9 axis is critical for acinar cell-derived pancreatic tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128: 3475–3489.
14. Lin S, Jiang T, Ye L, et al. The chromatin-remodeling enzyme BRG1 promotes colon cancer progression via positive regulation of WNT3A. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 86051–86063.
15. Watanabe T, Semba S, Yokozaki H. Regulation of PTEN expression by the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling protein BRG1 in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2011; 104: 146–154.
16. Pyo JS, Son BK, Oh D, et al. BRG1 is correlated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2018; 73: 66–73.
17. Holik AZ, Young M, Krzystyniak J, et al. Brg1 loss attenuates aberrant Wnt-signalling and prevents Wnt-dependent tumourigenesis in the murine small intestine. PLoS Genet 2014; 10: e1004453.
18. Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J, et al. A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 1994; 367: 645–648.
19. Hermann PC, Huber SL, Herrler T, et al. Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer. Cell Stem Cell 2007; 1: 313–323.
20. Takada Y, Fukuda A, Chiba T, et al. Brg1 plays an essential role in development and homeostasis of the duodenum through regulation of Notch signaling. Development 2016; 143: 3532–3539.
21. Holik AZ, Krzystyniak J, Young M, et al. Brg1 is required for stem cell maintenance in the murine intestinal epithelium in a tissuespecific manner. Stem Cells 2013; 31: 2457–2466.
22. Gerbe F, Legraverend C, Jay P. The intestinal epithelium tuft cells: specification and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69: 2907–2917.
23. Vega KJ, May R, Sureban SM, et al. Identification of the putative intestinal stem cell marker doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 in Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27: 773–780.
24. Bailey JM, Alsina J, Rasheed ZA, et al. DCLK1 marks a morphologically distinct subpopulation of cells with stem cell properties in preinvasive pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 245–256.
25. Li L, Bellows CF. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 exhibits cancer stem cell-like characteristics in a human colon cancer cell line. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25: 134–142.
26. Maruno T, Fukuda A, Goto N, et al. Visualization of stem cell activity in pancreatic cancer expansion by direct lineage tracing with live imaging. Elife 2021; 10: e55117.
27. Nakanishi Y, Seno H, Fukuoka A, et al. Dclk1 distinguishes between tumor and normal stem cells in the intestine. Nat Genet 2013; 45: 98–103.
28. Sumi-Ichinose C, Ichinose H, Metzger D, et al. SNF2beta-BRG1 is essential for the viability of F9 murine embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17: 5976–5986.
29. Solar M, Cardalda C, Houbracken I, et al. Pancreatic exocrine duct cells give rise to insulin-producing beta cells during embryogenesis but not after birth. Dev Cell 2009; 17: 849–860.
30. Yamaga Y, Fukuda A, Nakanishi Y, et al. Gene expression profile of Dclk1+ cells in intestinal tumors. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50: 1353–1361.
31. de Sousa e Melo F, Kurtova AV, Harnoss JM, et al. A distinct role for Lgr5+ stem cells in primary and metastatic colon cancer. Nature 2017; 543: 676–680.
32. Shimokawa M, Ohta Y, Nishikori S, et al. Visualization and targeting of LGR5+ human colon cancer stem cells. Nature 2017; 545: 187–192.
33. Goto N, Fukuda A, Yamaga Y, et al. Lineage tracing and targeting of IL17RB+ tuft cell-like human colorectal cancer stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116: 12996–13005.
34. Goto N, Ueo T, Fukuda A, et al. Distinct roles of HES1 in normal stem cells and tumor stem-like cells of the intestine. Cancer Res 2017; 77: 3442–3454.
35. Hiramatsu Y, Fukuda A, Ogawa S, et al. Arid1a is essential for intestinal stem cells through Sox9 regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116: 1704–1713.
36. Griffin CT, Brennan J, Magnuson T. The chromatin-remodeling enzyme BRG1 plays an essential role in primitive erythropoiesis and vascular development. Development 2008; 135: 493–500.
37. Naidu SR, Love IM, Imbalzano AN, et al. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling subunit BRG1 is a critical regulator of p53 necessary for proliferation of malignant cells. Oncogene 2009; 28: 2492–2501.
38. Barker N, Hurlstone A, Musisi H, et al. The chromatin remodelling factor Brg-1 interacts with beta-catenin to promote target gene activation. EMBO J 2001; 20: 4935–4943.
39. Shi J, Whyte WA, Zepeda-Mendoza CJ, et al. Role of SWI/SNF in acute leukemia maintenance and enhancer-mediated Myc regulation. Genes Dev 2013; 27: 2648–2662.
40. Vermeulen L, de Sousa e Melo F, van der Heijden M, et al. Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12: 468–476.
41. Zhang HL, Wang P, Lu MZ, et al. c-Myc maintains the self-renewal and chemoresistance properties of colon cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 17: 4487–4493.