1) International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition (2019)
2) 厚生労働省 国民健康・栄養調査(令和元年)
3) Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M, et al. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359 (9323): 2072-2077.
4) Kawamori R, Tajima N, Iwamoto Y, Kashiwagi A, Shimamoto K, Kaku K, et al. Voglibose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind trial in Japanese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. Lancet 2009; 373 (9675): 1607-1614.
5) Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA1c. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (3): 881-885.
6) Woerle HJ, Neumann C, Zschau S, Tenner S, Irsigler A, Schirra J, et al. Impact of fasting and postprandial glycemia on overall glycemic control in type 2 diabetes:importance of postprandial glycemia to achieve target HbA1c levels. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77 (2): 280-285.
7) Tominaga M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, Igarashi K, Kato T, Sekikawa A. Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (6): 920-924.
8) Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M, et al. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance:the STOP
9) NIDDM trial. JAMA 2003; 290 (4): 486-494.
10) 葛谷健,中川昌一,佐藤譲,金澤康徳,岩本安彦,小林正ほか.糖尿病の分 類と診断基準に関する委員会報告.糖尿病 1999;42 (5): 385-404
11) 門脇孝,羽田勝計,富永真琴,山田信博,岩本安彦,田嶼尚子ほか.糖尿病・ 糖代謝異常に関する診断基準検討委員会報告.糖尿病 2008;51 (3): 281-283.
12) 伊藤千賀子.危険因子としての意義:大血管症.糖尿病 2004;47 (1): 9-11.
13) 吉川雅之,Yutana Pongpiriyadacha,來住明宣,蔭浦禎士,王涛,森川敏生ほか.タイ産 Salacia chinensis の生物活性:α-グルコシダーゼ阻害活性を指標とした品質評価.薬学雑誌 2003;123 (10): 871-880.
14) Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Tanabe G, Muraoka O. Antidiabetogenic constituents from Salacia species. J Tradit Med 2005; 22 (Suppl 1): 145-153.
15) Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Matsuda H, Tanabe G, Muraoka O. Absolute stereostructure of potent α-glucosidase inhibitor, salacinol, with unique thiosugar sulfonium sulfate inner salt structure from Salacia reticulata. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10: 1547-1554.
16) Morikawa T, Akaki J, Ninomiya K, Kinouchi E, Tanabe G, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. Salacinol and related analogs: new leads for type 2 diabetes therapeutic candidates from the Thai traditional natural medicine Salacia chinensis. Nutrients 2015; 7: 1480-1493.
17) Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Shimada H, Matsuda H, Yamahara J, Tanabe G, Muraoka O. Salacinol, potent antidiabetic principle with unique thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure from the Ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia reticulata in Sri Lanka and India. Tetrahedron Lett 1997; 38: 8367-8370
18) Tanabe G, Yoshikai K, Hatanaka T, Yamamoto M, Shao Y, Minematsu T, Muraoka O, Wang T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. Biological evaluation of de-O-sulfonated analogs of salacinol, the role of sulfate anion in the side chain on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15: 3926-3937.
19) Tanabe G, Xie W, Ogawa A, Cao C, Minematsu T, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. Facile synthesis of de-O-sulfated salacinols: Revision of the structure of neosalacinol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19: 2195-2198.
20) Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Yashiro K, Matsuda H, Kotalanol, a potent α- glucosidase inhibitor with thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure, from antidiabetic Ayurvedic medicine Salacia reticulata. Chem Pharm Bull 1998; 46: 1339-1340.
21) Muraoka O, Xie W, Osaki S, Kagawa A, Tanabe G, Amer MFA, Minematsu T, Morikawa T, Yoshikawa M. Characteristic alkaline catalyzed degradation of kotalanol, a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor isolated from Ayurvedic traditional medicine Salacia reticulata, leading to anhydroheptitols: Another structural proof. Tetrahedron 2010; 66: 3717- 3722.
22) Muraoka O, Xie W, Tanabe G, Amer MFA, Minematsu T, Yoshikawa M, On the structure of the bioactive constituent from Ayurvedic medicine Salacia reticulata: Revision of the literature. Tetrahedron Lett 2008; 49: 7315-7317.
23) Yoshikawa M, Xu F, Nakamura S, Wang T, Matsuda H, Tanabe G, Muraoka O. Salaprinol and ponkoranol with thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure from Salacia prinoides and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ponkoranol and kotalanol desulfate. Heterocycles 2008; 75: 1397-1405.
24) Xie W, Tanabe G, Akaki J, Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Minematsu T, Yoshikawa M, Wu X, Muraoka M. Isolation, structure identification and SAR studies on thiosugar sulfonium salts, neosalaprinol and neoponkoranol, as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19: 2015-2022.
25) Akaki J, Morikawa T, Miyake S, Ninomiya K, Okada M, Tanabe G, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. Evaluation of Salacia species as anti-diabetic natural resources based on quantitative analysis of eight sulphonium constituents: a new class of α-glucosidase inhibitors. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25: 544–550
26) Feng J, Zhang Z, Wallace MB, Stafford JA, Kaldor SW, Kassel DB, Navre M, Shi L, Skene RJ, Asakawa T, Takeuchi K, Xu R, Webb DR, Gwaltney SL 2nd. Discovery of alogliptin: a potent, selective, bioavailable, and efficacious inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. J. Med. Chem. 2007; 50 (10): 2297-2300
27) Kashiwagi A, Kasuga M, Araki E, Oka Y, Hanafusa T, Ito H, Tominaga M, Oikawa S, Noda M, Kawamura T, Sanke T, Namba M, Hashiramoto M, Sasahara T, Nishio Y, Kuwa K, Ueki K, Takei I, Umemoto M, Murakami M, Yamakado M, Yatomi Y, Ohashi H. Committee on the standardization of diebetes mellitus related laboratory testing of Japan Diabetes Society. International clinical harmonization of glycated hemoglobin in Japan: from Japan diabetes society to national glycohemoglobin standardization program values. J Diabetes Investig 2012; 3: 39-40
28) Muraoka O, Morikawa T, Miyake S, Akaki J, Ninomiya K, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Yoshikawa M. Quantitative analysis of neosalacinol and neokotalanol, another two potent α-glucosidase inhibitors from Salacia species, by LC–MS with ion pair chromatography. J Nat Med 2011; 65: 142-148.
29) Dungan KM, Button EA, Buse JB, Kato S, Largay J, Wittlin S, et al. 1,5- Anhydroglucitol and postprandial hyperglycemia as measured by continuous glucose monitoring system in moderately controlled patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (6): 1214-9.
30) Holman RR, Cull CA, Turner RC. A randomized double-blind trial of acarbose in type 2 diabetes shows improved glycemic control over 3 years (U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 44). Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (6): 960-964.
31) Shinozaki K, Suzuki M, Ikebuchi M, Hirose J, Hara Y, Harano Y. Improvement of insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia with a new alpha- glucosidase inhibitor, voglibose, in nondiabetic hyperinsulinemic subjects. Metabolism 1996; 45(6): 731-737.