Achard, F., Beuchle, R., Mayaux, P., Stibig, H., Bodart, C., Brink, A., Carboni, S., Desclée, B., Donnay, F., Eva, H.D., Lupi, A., Raši, R., Seliger, R., Simonetti, D., 2014. Determination of tropical deforestation rates and related carbon losses from 1990 to 2010. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20, 2540–2554. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12605
Achard, F., Eva, H.D., Stibig, H.--J., Mayaux, P., Gallego, J., Richards, T., Malingreau, J.-P., 2002. Determination of Deforestation Rates of the World’s Humid Tropical Forests. Science. 297, 999–1002. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070656
Acheampong, E.O., Macgregor, C.J., Sloan, S., Sayer, J., 2019. Deforestation is driven by agricultural expansion in Ghana’s forest reserves. Sci. African 5, e00146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00146
Adanguidi, J., Padonou, E.A., Zannou, A., Houngbo, S.B.E., Saliou, I.O., Agbahoungba, S., 2020. Fuelwood consumption and supply strategies in mangrove forests - Insights from RAMSAR sites in Benin. For. Policy Econ. 116, 102192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102192
Agrawal, A., 2001. Common Property Institutions and Sustainable Governance of Resources. World Dev. 29, 1649–1672. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305- 750X(01)00063-8
Agrawal, A., Chhatre, A., 2006. Explaining success on the commons: Community forest governance in the Indian Himalaya. World Dev. 34, 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.013
Agrawal, A., Chhatre, A., Hardin, R., 2008. Changing Governance of the World’s Forests. Science. 320, 1460–1462. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155369
Agrawal, A., Gibson, C.C., 1999. Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation. World Dev. 27, 629–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00161-2
Agrawal, A., Goyal, S., 2001. Group Size and Collective Action: Third-Party Monitoring in Common-Pool Resources. Comp. Polit. Stud. 34, 63–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034001003
Akamani, K., Wilson, P.I., Hall, T.E., 2015. Barriers to collaborative forest management and implications for building the resilience of forest-dependent communities in the Ashanti region of Ghana. J. Environ. Manage. 151, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.006
Alemu, J.B.I., Richards, D.R., Gaw, L.Y.-F., Masoudi, M., Nathan, Y., Friess, D.A., 2021. Identifying spatial patterns and interactions among multiple ecosystem services in an urban mangrove landscape. Ecol. Indic. 121, 107042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107042
Ali, A., Rahut, D.B., 2018. Forest-based livelihoods, income, and poverty: Empirical evidence from the Himalayan region of rural Pakistan. J. Rural Stud. 57, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.10.001
Alix-Garcia, J., 2007. A spatial analysis of common property deforestation. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 53, 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2006.09.004
Alkama, R., Cescatti, A., 2016. Biophysical climate impacts of recent changes in global forest cover. Science. 351, 600–604. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8083
Andam, K.S., Ferraro, P.J., Pfaff, A., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A., Robalino, J.A., 2008. Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 16089–16094. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800437105
Anderson, J., Mehta, S., Epelu, E., Cohen, B., 2015. Managing leftovers: Does community forestry increase secure and equitable access to valuable resources for the rural poor? For. Policy Econ. 58, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.12.004
Angelsen, A., 2010. Policies for reduced deforestation and their impact on agricultural production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 19639–19644. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912014107
Angelsen, A., Jagger, P., Babigumira, R., Belcher, B., Hogarth, N.J., Bauch, S., Börner, J., Smith-Hall, C., Wunder, S., 2014. Environmental Income and Rural Livelihoods: A Global-Comparative Analysis. World Dev. 64, S12–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.006
Aung, P.P., Mao, Y., Hu, T., Qi, S., Tian, Q., Chen, Z., Xing, X., 2019. Metal concentrations and pollution assessment in bottom sediments from Inle Lake, Myanmar. J. Geochemical Explor. 207, 106357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106357
Aung, P.S., Adam, Y.O., Pretzsch, J., Peters, R., 2015. Distribution of forest income among rural households: a case study from Natma Taung national park, Myanmar. For. Trees Livelihoods 24, 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2014.976597
Austin, K.G., González-Roglich, M., Schaffer-Smith, D., Schwantes, A.M., Swenson, J.J., 2017. Trends in size of tropical deforestation events signal increasing dominance of industrial-scale drivers. Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 054009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6a88
Aye, W.N., Wen, Y., Marin, K., Thapa, S., Tun, A.W., 2019. Contribution of Mangrove Forest to the Livelihood of Local Communities in Ayeyarwaddy Region, Myanmar. Forests 10, 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050414
Baccini, A., Goetz, S.J., Walker, W.S., Laporte, N.T., Sun, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., Hackler, J., Beck, P.S.A., Dubayah, R., Friedl, M.A., Samanta, S., Houghton, R.A., 2012. Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1354
Baccini, A., Walker, W., Carvalho, L., Farina, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., Houghton, R.A., 2017. Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss. Science. 358, 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5962
Badola, R., Ahmed, T., Gill, A.K., Dobriyal, P., Das, G.C., Badola, S., Hussain, S.A., 2021. An incentive-based mitigation strategy to encourage coexistence of large mammals and humans along the foothills of Indian Western Himalayas. Sci. Rep. 11, 5235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84119-7
Bailis, R., Drigo, R., Ghilardi, A., Masera, O., 2015. The carbon footprint of traditional woodfuels. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2491
Bala, G., Caldeira, K., Wickett, M., Phillips, T.J., Lobell, D.B., Delire, C., Mirin, A., 2007. Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 6550–6555. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608998104
Baland, J., Bardhan, P., Das, S., Mookherjee, D., Sarkar, R., 2010. The Environmental Impact of Poverty: Evidence from Firewood Collection in Rural Nepal. Econ. Dev. Cult. Change 59, 23–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/655455
Balooni, K., Ballabh, V., Inoue, M., 2007. Declining instituted collective management practices and forest quality in the central Himalayas. Econ. Polit. Wkly. 42, 1443– 1452. https://doi.org/133.5.128.30
Barcelo, H., Capraro, V., 2015. Group size effect on cooperation in one-shot social dilemmas. Sci. Rep. 5, 7937. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07937
Bardhan, P., 1993. Analytics of the Institutions of Informal Cooperation in Rural Development. World Dev. 21, 633–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305- 750X(93)90115-P
Barton, K., 2020. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package version 1.43.17. https://cran.r-project.org/package=MuMIn (accessed 8.1.20).
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S., 2015. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1--48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Baylis, K., Honey-Rosés, J., Börner, J., Corbera, E., Ezzine-de-Blas, D., Ferraro, P.J., Lapeyre, R., Persson, U.M., Pfaff, A., Wunder, S., 2016. Mainstreaming Impact Evaluation in Nature Conservation. Conserv. Lett. 9, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12180
Baynes, J., Herbohn, J., Smith, C., Fisher, R., Bray, D., 2015. Key factors which influence the success of community forestry in developing countries. Glob. Environ. Chang. 35, 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.011
Bebbington, A.J., Humphreys Bebbington, D., Sauls, L.A., Rogan, J., Agrawal, S., Gamboa, C., Imhof, A., Johnson, K., Rosa, H., Royo, A., Toumbourou, T., Verdum, R., 2018. Resource extraction and infrastructure threaten forest cover and community rights. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 13164–13173. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812505115
Behera, B., 2009. Explaining the performance of state–community joint forest management in India. Ecol. Econ. 69, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.015
Bensch, G., Peters, J., 2013. Alleviating Deforestation Pressures? Impacts of Improved Stove Dissemination on Charcoal Consumption in Urban Senegal. Land Econ. 89, 676–698. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.89.4.676
Betts, M.G., Wolf, C., Ripple, W.J., Phalan, B., Millers, K.A., Duarte, A., Butchart, S.H.M., Levi, T., 2017. Global forest loss disproportionately erodes biodiversity in intact landscapes. Nature 547, 441–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23285
Bhagwat, T., Hess, A., Horning, N., Khaing, T., Thein, Z.M., Aung, K.M., Aung, K.H., Phyo, P., Tun, Y.L., Oo, A.H., Neil, A., Thu, W.M., Songer, M., LaJeunesse Connette, K., Bernd, A., Huang, Q., Connette, G., Leimgruber, P., 2017. Losing a jewel—Rapid declines in Myanmar’s intact forests from 2002-2014. PLoS One 12, e0176364. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176364
Bhatt, B.P., Sachan, M.S., 2004. Firewood consumption along an altitudinal gradient in mountain villages of India. Biomass and Bioenergy 27, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.10.004
Biswas, S., Vadrevu, K.P., Mon, M.S., Justice, C., 2021. Contemporary forest loss in Myanmar: Effect of democratic transition and subsequent timber bans on landscape structure and composition. Ambio 50, 914–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01414-9
Blackman, A., 2013. Evaluating forest conservation policies in developing countries using remote sensing data: An introduction and practical guide. For. Policy Econ. 34, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.04.006
Bologna, M., Aquino, G., 2020. Deforestation and world population sustainability: a quantitative analysis. Sci. Rep. 10, 7631. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020- 63657-6
Börner, J., Baylis, K., Corbera, E., Ezzine-de-Blas, D., Ferraro, P.J., Honey-Rosés, J., Lapeyre, R., Persson, U.M., Wunder, S., 2016. Emerging Evidence on the Effectiveness of Tropical Forest Conservation. PLoS One 11, e0159152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159152
Börner, J., Marinho, E., Wunder, S., 2015. Mixing Carrots and Sticks to Conserve Forests in the Brazilian Amazon: A Spatial Probabilistic Modeling Approach. PLoS One 10, e0116846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116846
Börner, J., Schulz, D., Wunder, S., Pfaff, A., 2020. The Effectiveness of Forest Conservation Policies and Programs. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 12, 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-025703
Bowler, D.E., Buyung-Ali, L.M., Healey, J.R., Jones, J.P.G., Knight, T.M., Pullin, A.S., 2012. Does community forest management provide global environmental benefits and improve local welfare? Front. Ecol. Environ. 10, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1890/110040
Brockerhoff, E.G., Barbaro, L., Castagneyrol, B., Forrester, D.I., Gardiner, B., González-Olabarria, J.R., Lyver, P.O.B., Meurisse, N., Oxbrough, A., Taki, H., Thompson, I.D., van der Plas, F., Jactel, H., 2017. Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Biodivers. Conserv. 26, 3005–3035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1453-2
Brooks, J., Waylen, K., Mulder, M., 2013. Assessing community-based conservation projects: A systematic review and multilevel analysis of attitudinal, behavioral, ecological, and economic outcomes. Environ. Evid. 2, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2382-2-2
Browder, J.O., 2002. Conservation and Development Projects in the Brazilian Amazon: Lessons from the Community Initiative Program in Rondônia. Environ. Manage. 29, 750–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-001-2613-3
Bullock, E.L., Woodcock, C.E., 2021. Carbon loss and removal due to forest disturbance and regeneration in the Amazon. Sci. Total Environ. 764, 142839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142839
Bullock, E.L., Woodcock, C.E., Olofsson, P., 2020. Monitoring tropical forest degradation using spectral unmixing and Landsat time series analysis. Remote Sens. Environ. 238, 110968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.11.011
Burivalova, Zuzana, Allnutt, T.F., Rademacher, D., Schlemm, A., Wilcove, D.S., Butler, R.A., 2019. What works in tropical forest conservation, and what does not: Effectiveness of four strategies in terms of environmental, social, and economic outcomes. Conserv. Sci. Pract. 1, e28. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.28
Burivalova, Z., Hua, F., Koh, L.P., Garcia, C., Putz, F., 2017. A Critical Comparison of Conventional, Certified, and Community Management of Tropical Forests for Timber in Terms of Environmental, Economic, and Social Variables. Conserv. Lett. 10, 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12244
Burivalova, Z., Miteva, D., Salafsky, N., Butler, R.A., Wilcove, D.S., 2019. Evidence Types and Trends in Tropical Forest Conservation Literature. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 669–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.002
Busch, J., Engelmann, J., 2017. Cost-effectiveness of reducing emissions from tropical deforestation, 2016–2050. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 015001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa907c
Busch, J., Ferretti-Gallon, K., 2017. What Drives Deforestation and What Stops It? A Meta-Analysis. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 11, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rew013
Byron, N., Arnold, M., 1999. What Futures for the People of the Tropical Forests? World Dev. 27, 789–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00025-X
Caliendo, M., Kopeinig, S., 2008. Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. J. Econ. Surv. 22, 31–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x
Capraro, V., Barcelo, H., 2015. Group Size Effect on Cooperation in One-Shot Social Dilemmas II: Curvilinear Effect. PLoS One 10, e0131419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131419
Casse, T., Milhøj, A., 2011. Community Forestry and Forest Conservation: Friends or Strangers? Environ. Policy Gov. 21, 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.566
Chao, S., 2012. Forest peoples: Numbers across the world. Forest Peoples Programme.
Charlery, L., Walelign, S.Z., 2015. Assessing environmental dependence using asset and income measures: Evidence from Nepal. Ecol. Econ. 118, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.07.004
Charnley, S., Poe, M.R., 2007. Community Forestry in Theory and Practice: Where Are We Now? Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 36, 301–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123143
Chazdon, R.L., Brancalion, P.H.S., Laestadius, L., Bennett-Curry, A., Buckingham, K., Kumar, C., Moll-Rocek, J., Vieira, I.C.G., Wilson, S.J., 2016. When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration. Ambio 45, 538–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0772-y
Cheng, S.H., MacLeod, K., Ahlroth, S., Onder, S., Perge, E., Shyamsundar, P., Rana, P., Garside, R., Kristjanson, P., McKinnon, M.C., Miller, D.C., 2019. A systematic map of evidence on the contribution of forests to poverty alleviation. Environ. Evid. 8, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-019-0148-4
Chhatre, A., Agrawal, A., 2008. Forest commons and local enforcement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 13286–13291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803399105
Clare, S.M., Hickey, G.M., 2019. Modelling Research Topic Trends in Community Forestry. Small-scale For. 18, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-018-9411-8
Coleman, E.A., 2009. Institutional factors affecting biophysical outcomes in forest management. J. Policy Anal. Manag. 28, 122–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20405
Coleman, E.A., Fleischman, F.D., 2012. Comparing Forest Decentralization and Local Institutional Change in Bolivia, Kenya, Mexico, and Uganda. World Dev. 40, 836– 849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.008
Connette, G.M., Oswald, P., Thura, M.K., LaJeunesse Connette, K.J., Grindley, M.E., Songer, M., Zug, G.R., Mulcahy, D.G., 2017. Rapid forest clearing in a Myanmar proposed national park threatens two newly discovered species of geckos (Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus). PLoS One 12, e0174432. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174432
Costa, M.H., Foley, J.A., 2000. Combined Effects of Deforestation and Doubled Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations on the Climate of Amazonia. J. Clim. 13, 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0018:CEODAD>2.0.CO;2
Curtis, P.G., Slay, C.M., Harris, N.L., Tyukavina, A., Hansen, M.C., 2018. Classifying drivers of global forest loss. Science. 361, 1108–1111. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3445
Dalle, S.P., de Blois, S., Caballero, J., Johns, T., 2006. Integrating analyses of local land-use regulations, cultural perceptions and land-use/land cover data for assessing the success of community-based conservation. For. Ecol. Manage. 222, 370–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.052
Dancer, H., 2021. People and forests at the legal frontier: Introduction. J. Leg. Plur. Unoff. Law 53, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2021.1904579
Danlami, A.H., 2019. Assesment of factors influencing firewood consumption in Bauchi State, Nigeria. J. Sustain. Sci. Manag. 14, 99–109.
Dash, M., Behera, B., Rahut, D.B., 2016. Determinants of household collection of non- timber forest products (NTFPs) and alternative livelihood activities in Similipal Tiger Reserve, India. For. Policy Econ. 73, 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.09.012
de Lima Filho, J.A., Vieira, R.J.A.G., de Souza, C.A.M., Ferreira, F.F., de Oliveira, V.M., 2021. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity patterns of ecosystems with resource competition. Phys. A Stat. Mech. its Appl. 564, 125497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2020.125497
Démurger, S., Fournier, M., 2011. Poverty and firewood consumption: A case study of rural households in northern China. China Econ. Rev. 22, 512–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2010.09.009
Department of Population, 2015a. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census: Highlights of the Main Results, Census Report Volume 2-A.
Department of Population, Ministry of Immigration and Population, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
Department of Population, 2015b. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census: Shan State. Department of Population, Ministry of Immigration and Population, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
Department of Population, 2015c. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census: The Union Report. Department of Population, Ministry of Immigration and Population, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
Di Marco, M., Chapman, S., Althor, G., Kearney, S., Besancon, C., Butt, N., Maina, J.M., Possingham, H.P., Rogalla von Bieberstein, K., Venter, O., Watson, J.E.M., 2017. Changing trends and persisting biases in three decades of conservation science. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 10, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.01.008
Dietz, T., 2003. The Struggle to Govern the Commons. Science. 302, 1907–1912. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091015
Dirzo, R., Raven, P.H., 2003. Global State of Biodiversity and Loss. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28, 137–167. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532
Diwediga, B., Wala, K., Folega, F., Dourma, M., Woegan, Y.A., Akpagana, K., Le, Q.B., 2015. Biophysical and anthropogenous determinants of landscape patterns and degradation of plant communities in Mo hilly basin (Togo). Ecol. Eng. 85, 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.059
Dlamini, W.M., 2017. Mapping forest and woodland loss in Swaziland: 1990–2015. Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ. 5, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2017.01.004
Dlamini, W.M., 2016. Analysis of deforestation patterns and drivers in Swaziland using efficient Bayesian multivariate classifiers. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 2, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-016-0231-6
Donald, P.F., Round, P.D., Dai We Aung, T., Grindley, M., Steinmetz, R., Shwe, N.M., Buchanan, G.M., 2015. Social reform and a growing crisis for southern Myanmar’s unique forests. Conserv. Biol. 29, 1485–1488. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12501
Dupuis, C., Lejeune, P., Michez, A., Fayolle, A., 2020. How Can Remote Sensing Help Monitor Tropical Moist Forest Degradation?—A Systematic Review. Remote Sens. 12, 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071087
Duriaux‐Chavarría, J., Baudron, F., Gergel, S.E., Yang, K.F., Eddy, I.M.S., Sunderland, T., 2021. More people, more trees: A reversal of deforestation trends in Southern Ethiopia. L. Degrad. Dev. 32, 1440–1451. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3806
Ellis, E.A., Porter-Bolland, L., 2008. Is community-based forest management more effective than protected areas? For. Ecol. Manage. 256, 1971–1983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.036
Estoque, R.C., Myint, S.W., Wang, C., Ishtiaque, A., Aung, T.T., Emerton, L., Ooba, M., Hijioka, Y., Mon, M.S., Wang, Z., Fan, C., 2018. Assessing environmental impacts and change in Myanmar’s mangrove ecosystem service value due to deforestation (2000-2014). Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 5391–5410. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14409
Estoque, R.C., Ooba, M., Avitabile, V., Hijioka, Y., DasGupta, R., Togawa, T., Murayama, Y., 2019. The future of Southeast Asia’s forests. Nat. Commun. 10, 1829. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09646-4
Evans, L.S., Hicks, C.C., Cohen, P.J., Case, P., Prideaux, M., Mills, D.J., 2015. Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences. Ecol. Soc. 20, 50. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07268-200150
FAO, 2020a. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9825en
FAO, 2020b. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 - Key findings. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8753en
FAO, 2016. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How are the world’s forests changing? Second edition. Rome.
FAO, 2014. State of the World’s Forests: Enhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO, 2011a. Assessing forest degradation: Towards the development of globally applicable guidelines, 177. Rome.
FAO, 2011b. Reforming forest tenure: Issues, principles and process, FAO Forestry Paper No. 165. Rome.
FAO, 2010a. What woodfuels can do to mitigate climate change, FAO Forestry Paper, 162. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO, 2010b. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main report. Rome.
FAO, 2002. Proceedings of expert meeting on harmonizing forest-related definitions for use by various stakeholders. Rome.
FAO and Non-Timber Forest Products-Exchange Programme, 2020. Naturally beautiful: Cosmetic and beauty products from forests. FAO and Non-Timber Forest Products-Exchange Programme, Bangkok. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8590en
FAO and UNEP, 2020. The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. FAO and UNEP, Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en
Ferraro, P.J., 2009. Counterfactual thinking and impact evaluation in environmental policy. New Dir. Eval. 2009, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.297
Ferraro, P.J., Hanauer, M.M., 2014. Advances in Measuring the Environmental and Social Impacts of Environmental Programs. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 39, 495–517. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101813-013230
Ferraro, P.J., Pattanayak, S.K., 2006. Money for Nothing? A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments. PLoS Biol. 4, e105. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040105
Feurer, M., Gritten, D., Than, M., 2018. Community Forestry for Livelihoods: Benefiting from Myanmar’s Mangroves. Forests 9, 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030150
Foley, J.A., Defries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, F.S., Coe, M.T., Daily, G.C., Gibbs, H.K., Helkowski, J.H., Holloway, T., Howard, E.A., Kucharik, C.J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J.A., Prentice, I.C., Ramankutty, N., Snyder, P.K., 2005. Global Consequences of Land Use. Science. 309, 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
Forest Department, 2020. Forestry in Myanmar 2019-2020. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Forest Department, 2001. National Forest Master Plan (2001-2002 to 2030-2031).
Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M.W., O’Sullivan, M., Andrew, R.M., Hauck, J., Peters, G.P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Le Quéré, C., Bakker, D.C.E., Canadell, J.G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R.B., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bastos, A., Bastrikov, V., Becker, M., Bopp, L., Buitenhuis, E., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L.P., Currie, K.I., Feely, R.A., Gehlen, M., Gilfillan, D., Gkritzalis, T., Goll, D.S., Gruber, N., Gutekunst, S., Harris, I., Haverd, V., Houghton, R.A., Hurtt, G., Ilyina, T., Jain, A.K., Joetzjer, E., Kaplan, J.O., Kato, E., Klein Goldewijk, K., Korsbakken, J.I., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Marland, G., McGuire, P.C., Melton, J.R., Metzl, N., Munro, D.R., Nabel, J.E.M.S., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Peregon, A., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Séférian, R., Schwinger, J., Smith, N., Tans, P.P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tubiello, F.N., van der Werf, G.R., Wiltshire, A.J., Zaehle, S., 2019. Global Carbon Budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1783–1838. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
Gao, Y., Skutsch, M., Jiménez Rodríguez, D.L., Solórzano, J. V., 2020a. Identifying Variables to Discriminate between Conserved and Degraded Forest and to Quantify the Differences in Biomass. Forests 11, 1020. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11091020
Gao, Y., Skutsch, M., Paneque-Gálvez, J., Ghilardi, A., 2020b. Remote sensing of forest degradation: a review. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 103001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abaad7
Gatiso, T.T., 2019. Households’ dependence on community forest and their contribution to participatory forest management: evidence from rural Ethiopia. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 21, 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0029-3
Gautam, A.P., Shivakoti, G.P., Webb, E.L., 2004. Forest Cover Change, Physiography, Local Economy, and Institutions in a Mountain Watershed in Nepal. Environ. Manage. 33, 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0031-4
Gautam, A.P., Webb, E.L., Eiumnoh, A., 2002. GIS assessment of land use/land cover changes associated with community forestry implementation in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Mt. Res. Dev. 22, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0063:GAOLUL]2.0.CO;2
Geist, H.J., Lambin, E.F., 2002. Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation. Bioscience 52, 143. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006- 3568(2002)052[0143:pcaudf]2.0.co;2
Geldmann, J., Barnes, M., Coad, L., Craigie, I.D., Hockings, M., Burgess, N.D., 2013. Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. Biol. Conserv. 161, 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.018
GFOI, 2013. Integrating remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests: Methods and Guidance from the Global Forest Observations Initiative. Geneva, Switzerland.
Ghilardi, A., Guerrero, G., Masera, O., 2009. A GIS-based methodology for highlighting fuelwood supply/demand imbalances at the local level: A case study for Central Mexico. Biomass and Bioenergy 33, 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.02.005
Gibbs, H.K., Ruesch, A.S., Achard, F., Clayton, M.K., Holmgren, P., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A., 2010. Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 16732–16737. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910275107
Gibson, C.C., Williams, J.T., Ostrom, E., 2005. Local enforcement and better forests. World Dev. 33, 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.013 Gilmour, D., 2016. Forty years of community-based forestry: A review of its extent and effectiveness. FAO, Rome.
Gutiérrez, N.L., Hilborn, R., Defeo, O., 2011. Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature 470, 386–389. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09689
Hajjar, R., Oldekop, J.A., 2018. Research frontiers in community forest management. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 32, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.06.003
Hajjar, R., Oldekop, J.A., Cronkleton, P., Etue, E., Newton, P., Russel, A.J.M., Tjajadi, J.S., Zhou, W., Agrawal, A., 2016. The data not collected on community forestry. Conserv. Biol. 30, 1357–1362. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12732
Hajjar, R., Oldekop, J.A., Cronkleton, P., Newton, P., Russell, A.J.M., Zhou, W., 2021. A global analysis of the social and environmental outcomes of community forests. Nat. Sustain. 4, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00633-y
Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P. V, Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S.A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S.V. V, Goetz, S.J.J., Loveland, T.R.R., Kommareddy, A., Egorov, A., Chini, L., Justice, C.O.O., Townshend, J.R.G., 2013. High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science. 342, 850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693
Hansen, M.C., Stehman, S. V., Potapov, P. V., Loveland, T.R., Townshend, J.R.G., DeFries, R.S., Pittman, K.W., Arunarwati, B., Stolle, F., Steininger, M.K., Carroll, M., DiMiceli, C., 2008. Humid tropical forest clearing from 2000 to 2005 quantified by using multitemporal and multiresolution remotely sensed data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 9439–9444. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804042105
Harvey, C.A., Guariguata, M.R., 2021. Raising the profile of woodfuels in the forest landscape restoration agenda. Conserv. Sci. Pract. 3, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.342
Heltberg, R., 2001. Determinants and impact of local institutions for common resource management. Environ. Dev. Econ. 6, 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X01000110
Heltberg, R., Arndt, T.C., Sekhar, N.U., 2000. Fuelwood Consumption and Forest Degradation: A Household Model for Domestic Energy Substitution in Rural India. Land Econ. 76, 213–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/3147225
Himes-Cornell, A., Pendleton, L., Atiyah, P., 2018. Valuing ecosystem services from blue forests: A systematic review of the valuation of salt marshes, sea grass beds and mangrove forests. Ecosyst. Serv. 30, 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.01.006
Hlaing, E.E.S., Inoue, M., 2013. Factors affecting participation of user group members: comparative studies on two types of community forestry in the Dry Zone, Myanmar. J. For. Res. 18, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-011-0328-8
Hlaing, Z.C., Kamiyama, C., Saito, O., 2017. Interaction between Rural People’s Basic Needs and Forest Products: A Case Study of the Katha District of Myanmar. Int. J. For. Res. 2017, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2105012
Ho, D.E., Imai, K., King, G., Stuart, E.A., 2011. MatchIt : Nonparametric Preprocessing for Parametric Causal Inference. J. Stat. Softw. 42, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v042.i08
Hoffmann, H., Uckert, G., Rybak, C., Graef, F., Sander, K., Sieber, S., 2018. Efficiency scenarios of charcoal production and consumption – a village case study from Western Tanzania. Food Secur. 10, 925–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018- 0786-3
Hosonuma, N., Herold, M., De Sy, V., De Fries, R.S., Brockhaus, M., Verchot, L., Angelsen, A., Romijn, E., 2012. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environ. Res. Lett. 7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009
Houghton, R.., 2012. Carbon emissions and the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 4, 597–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.06.006
Houghton, R.A., Byers, B., Nassikas, A.A., 2015. A role for tropical forests in stabilizing atmospheric CO2. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 1022–1023. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2869
Houghton, R.A., Nassikas, A.A., 2017. Global and regional fluxes of carbon from land use and land cover change 1850-2015. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 31, 456–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005546
Htun, N.Z., Mizoue, N., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., 2009. Deforestation and forest degradation as measures of Popa Mountain Park (Myanmar) effectiveness. Environ. Conserv. 36, 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892909990415
Htun, N.Z., Mizoue, N., Yoshida, S., 2013. Changes in Determinants of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Popa Mountain Park, Central Myanmar. Environ. Manage. 51, 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9968-5
Htwe, T.N., Brinkmann, K., Buerkert, A., 2015a. Spatio-temporal assessment of soil erosion risk in different agricultural zones of the Inle Lake region, southern Shan State, Myanmar. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187, 617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4819-5
Htwe, T.N., Kywe, M., Buerkert, A., Brinkmann, K., 2015b. Transformation processes in farming systems and surrounding areas of Inle Lake, Myanmar, during the last 40 years. J. Land Use Sci. 10, 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2013.878764
Imai, N., Furukawa, T., Tsujino, R., Kitamura, S., Yumoto, T., 2018. Factors affecting forest area change in Southeast Asia during 1980-2010. PLoS One 13, e0197391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197391
Jagger, P., Kittner, N., 2017. Deforestation and biomass fuel dynamics in Uganda. Biomass and Bioenergy 105, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.06.005
Jagger, P., Perez-Heydrich, C., 2016. Land use and household energy dynamics in Malawi. Environ. Res. Lett. 11, 125004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748- 9326/11/12/125004
Jagger, P., Shively, G., 2014. Land use change, fuel use and respiratory health in Uganda. Energy Policy 67, 713–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.068
Jones, K.W., Holland, M.B., Naughton-Terves, L., Morales, M., Suarez, L., Keenan, K., 2017. Forest conservation incentives and deforestation in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Environ. Conserv. 44, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892916000308
Jumbe, C.B.L., Angelsen, A., 2011. Modeling choice of fuelwood source among rural households in Malawi: A multinomial probit analysis. Energy Econ. 33, 732–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.12.011
Jumbe, C.B.L., Angelsen, A., 2007. Forest dependence and participation in CPR management: Empirical evidence from forest co-management in Malawi. Ecol. Econ. 62, 661–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.08.008
Karki, S., Thandar, A.M., Uddin, K., Tun, S., Aye, W.M., Aryal, K., Kandel, P., Chettri, N., 2018. Impact of land use land cover change on ecosystem services: a comparative analysis on observed data and people’s perception in Inle Lake, Myanmar. Environ. Syst. Res. 7, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-018-0128-7
Keenan, R.J., Reams, G.A., Achard, F., de Freitas, J. V., Grainger, A., Lindquist, E., 2015. Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. For. Ecol. Manage. 352, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014
Kefa, C.A., Gregory, A., Espira, A., Lung, M., 2018. Does Wood Fuel Gathering for Household Use Follow an Optimality Model? A Study from Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya. Hum. Ecol. 46, 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018- 0010-2
Kellert, S.R., Mehta, J.N., Ebbin, S.A., Lichtenfeld, L.L., 2000. Community Natural Resource Management: Promise, Rhetoric, and Reality. Soc. Nat. Resour. 13, 705– 715. https://doi.org/10.1080/089419200750035575
Kelso, D.J., 1992. Applying U. S. Law to Halt Deforestation in Southeastern Myanmar : A Survey of Potential Strategies. Pacific Rim Law Policy J. 1, 1–26.
Khadija, Ahmed, T., Khan, A., 2021. Economics of carnivore depredation: A case study from the northern periphery of Corbett Tiger Reserve, Uttarakhand, India. Acta Ecol. Sin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.03.007
Khuman, Y.S.C., Pandey, R., Rao, K.S., 2011. Fuelwood consumption patterns in Fakot watershed, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Energy 36, 4769–4776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.05.011
Kim, D., Sexton, J.O., Townshend, J.R., 2015. Accelerated deforestation in the humid tropics from the 1990s to the 2000s. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 3495–3501. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062777
Kirubi, C., Wamicha, W.N., Laichena, J.K., 2000. The effects of woodfuel consumption in the ASAL areas of Kenya: the case of Marsabit Forest. Afr. J. Ecol. 38, 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00208.x
Kituyi, E., Marufu, L., Huber, B., O. Wandiga, S., O. Jumba, I., O. Andreae, M., Helas, G., 2001. Biofuel consumption rates and patterns in Kenya. Biomass and Bioenergy 20 (2), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00072-6
Köhl, M., Lasco, R., Cifuentes, M., Jonsson, Ö., Korhonen, K.T., Mundhenk, P., de Jesus Navar, J., Stinson, G., 2015. Changes in forest production, biomass and carbon: Results from the 2015 UN FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment. For. Ecol. Manage. 352, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.036
Kyaw, K.T.W., Ota, T., Mizoue, N., 2021. Geographical Factors Trump Community Factors in Deforestation Risk in Two Watershed Conservation Forests in Myanmar. Forests 12, 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050541
Kyaw, K.T.W., Ota, T., Mizoue, N., 2020. Forest degradation impacts firewood consumption patterns: A case study in the buffer zone of Inlay Lake Biosphere Reserve, Myanmar. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 24, e01340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01340
Kyere-Boateng, R., Marek, M. V., 2021. Analysis of the Social-Ecological Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Ghana: Application of the DPSIR Framework. Forests 12, 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040409
Laurance, W.F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C.J.A., Sloan, S.P., Laurance, S.G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez-Malvido, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K.S., Cannon, C.H., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., Coates, R., Cords, M., Danielsen, F., De Dijn, B., Dinerstein, E., Donnelly, M.A., Edwards, D., Edwards, F., Farwig, N., Fashing, P., Forget, P.-M., Foster, M., Gale, G., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hart, J., Karpanty, S., John Kress, W., Krishnaswamy, J., Logsdon, W., Lovett, J., Magnusson, W., Maisels, F., Marshall, A.R., McClearn, D., Mudappa, D., Nielsen, M.R., Pearson, R., Pitman, N., van der Ploeg, J., Plumptre, A., Poulsen, J., Quesada, M., Rainey, H., Robinson, D., Roetgers, C., Rovero, F., Scatena, F., Schulze, C., Sheil, D., Struhsaker, T., Terborgh, J., Thomas, D., Timm, R., Nicolas Urbina-Cardona, J., Vasudevan, K., Joseph Wright, S., Carlos Arias-G., J., Arroyo, L., Ashton, M., Auzel, P., Babaasa, D., Babweteera, F., Baker, P., Banki, O., Bass, M., Bila-Isia, I., Blake, S., Brockelman, W., Brokaw, N., Brühl, C.A., Bunyavejchewin, S., Chao, J.-T., Chave, J., Chellam, R., Clark, C.J., Clavijo, J., Congdon, R., Corlett, R., Dattaraja, H.S., Dave, C., Davies, G., de Mello Beisiegel, B., de Nazaré Paes da Silva, R., Di Fiore, A., Diesmos, A., Dirzo, R., Doran-Sheehy, D., Eaton, M., Emmons, L., Estrada, A., Ewango, C., Fedigan, L., Feer, F., Fruth, B., Giacalone Willis, J., Goodale, U., Goodman, S., Guix, J.C., Guthiga, P., Haber, W., Hamer, K., Herbinger, I., Hill, J., Huang, Z., Fang Sun, I., Ickes, K., Itoh, A., Ivanauskas, N., Jackes, B., Janovec, J., Janzen, D., Jiangming, M., Jin, C., Jones, T., Justiniano, H., Kalko, E., Kasangaki, A., Killeen, T., King, H., Klop, E., Knott, C., Koné, I., Kudavidanage, E., Lahoz da Silva Ribeiro, J., Lattke, J., Laval, R., Lawton, R., Leal, M., Leighton, M., Lentino, M., Leonel, C., Lindsell, J., Ling-Ling, L., Eduard Linsenmair, K., Losos, E., Lugo, A., Lwanga, J., Mack, A.L., Martins, M., Scott McGraw, W., McNab, R., Montag, L., Myers Thompson, J., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nakagawa, M., Nepal, S., Norconk, M., Novotny, V., O’Donnell, S., Opiang, M., Ouboter, P., Parker, K., Parthasarathy, N., Pisciotta, K., Prawiradilaga, D., Pringle, C., Rajathurai, S., Reichard, U., Reinartz, G., Renton, K., Reynolds, G., Reynolds, V., Riley, E., Rödel, M.-O., Rothman, J., Round, P., Sakai, S., Sanaiotti, T., Savini, T., Schaab, G., Seidensticker, J., Siaka, A., Silman, M.R., Smith, T.B., de Almeida, S.S., Sodhi, N., Stanford, C., Stewart, K., Stokes, E., Stoner, K.E., Sukumar, R., Surbeck, M., Tobler, M., Tscharntke, T., Turkalo, A., Umapathy, G., van Weerd, M., Vega Rivera, J., Venkataraman, M., Venn, L., Verea, C., Volkmer de Castilho, C., Waltert, M., Wang, B., Watts, D., Weber, W., West, P., Whitacre, D., Whitney, K., Wilkie, D., Williams, S., Wright, D.D., Wright, P., Xiankai, L., Yonzon, P., Zamzani, F., 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489, 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318
Laurance, W.F., Goosem, M., Laurance, S.G.W., 2009. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.009
Lawrence, D., Vandecar, K., 2015. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2430
Leimgruber, P., Kelly, D.S., Steininger, M.K.., Brunner, J., Müller, T., Songer, M., 2005. Forest cover change patterns in Myanmar (Burma) 1990–2000. Environ. Conserv. 32, 356–364. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892905002493
Lewis, S.L., Edwards, D.P., Galbraith, D., 2015. Increasing human dominance of tropical forests. Science. 349, 827–832. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9932
Lim, C.L., Prescott, G.W., De Alban, J.D.T., Ziegler, A.D., Webb, E.L., 2017. Untangling the proximate causes and underlying drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Myanmar. Conserv. Biol. 31, 1362–1372. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12984
Lin, B., Ge, J., 2021. Does institutional freedom matter for global forest carbon sinks in the face of economic development disparity? China Econ. Rev. 65, 101563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101563
Lin, H., 2005. Community Forestry Initiatives in Myanmar: An Analysis from a Social Perspective. Int. For. Rev. 7, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.7.1.27.64154
Lin, H., Chen, Y., Song, Q., Fu, P., Cleverly, J., Magliulo, V., Law, B.E., Gough, C.M., Hörtnagl, L., Di Gennaro, F., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Duce, P., Shao, C., Kato, T., Bonal, D., Paul-Limoges, E., Beringer, J., Grace, J., Fan, Z., 2017. Quantifying deforestation and forest degradation with thermal response. Sci. Total Environ. 607–608, 1286–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.062
Lise, W., 2000. Factors influencing people’s participation in forest management in India. Ecol. Econ. 34, 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00182-8
Liu, F.-J., Huang, C., Pang, Y., Li, M., Song, D.-X., Song, X.-P., Channan, S., Sexton, J.O., Jiang, D., Zhang, P., Guo, Y., Li, Y.-F., Townshend, J.R., 2016. Assessment of the three factors affecting Myanmar’s forest cover change using Landsat and MODIS vegetation continuous fields data. Int. J. Digit. Earth 9, 562–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2015.1111451
Lonn, P., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., 2019. Using Forest Cover Maps and Local People’s Perceptions to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Community-based Ecotourism for Forest Conservation in Chambok (Cambodia). Environ. Conserv. 46, 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000462
Lonn, P., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., 2018. Biophysical Factors Affecting Forest Cover Changes in Community Forestry: A Country Scale Analysis in Cambodia. Forests 9, 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050273
Lund, J.F., Rutt, R.L., Ribot, J., 2018. Trends in research on forestry decentralization policies. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 32, 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.003
Lwin, K.K., Ota, T., Shimizu, K., Mizoue, N., 2020. A country-scale analysis revealed effective land-use zoning affecting forest cover changes in Myanmar. J. For. Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2020.1810396
Lwin, K.K., Ota, T., Shimizu, K., Mizoue, N., 2019. Assessing the Importance of Tree Cover Threshold for Forest Cover Mapping Derived from Global Forest Cover in Myanmar. Forests 10, 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121062
Mamo, G., Sjaastad, E., Vedeld, P., 2007. Economic dependence on forest resources: A case from Dendi District, Ethiopia. For. Policy Econ. 9, 916–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2006.08.001
Maryudi, A., Devkota, R.R., Schusser, C., Yufanyi, C., Salla, M., Aurenhammer, H., Rotchanaphatharawit, R., Krott, M., 2012. Back to basics: Considerations in evaluating the outcomes of community forestry. For. Policy Econ. 14 (1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.07.017
McKinnon, M.C., Cheng, S.H., Dupre, S., Edmond, J., Garside, R., Glew, L., Holland, M.B., Levine, E., Masuda, Y.J., Miller, D.C., Oliveira, I., Revenaz, J., Roe, D., Shamer, S., Wilkie, D., Wongbusarakum, S., Woodhouse, E., 2016. What are the effects of nature conservation on human well-being? A systematic map of empirical evidence from developing countries. Environ. Evid. 5, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-016-0058-7
Michalon, M., Gunnell, Y., Lejot, J., Mialhe, F., Aung, T., 2019. Accelerated degradation of Lake Inle (Myanmar): A baseline study for environmentalists and developers. L. Degrad. Dev. 30, 928–941. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3279
Miller, D.C., Rana, P., Benson Wahlén, C., 2017. A Crystal Ball for Forests?: Analyzing the Social-Ecological Impacts of Forest Conservation and Management over the Long Term. Environ. Soc. 8, 40–62. https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2017.080103
Min-Venditti, A.A., Moore, G.W., Fleischman, F., 2017. What policies improve forest cover? A systematic review of research from Mesoamerica. Glob. Environ. Chang. 47, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.010
Miteva, D.A., Ellis, P.W., Ellis, E.A., Griscom, B.W., 2019. The role of property rights in shaping the effectiveness of protected areas and resisting forest loss in the Yucatan Peninsula. PLoS One 14, e0215820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215820
Miteva, D.A., Pattanayak, S.K., Ferraro, P.J., 2012. Evaluation of biodiversity policy instruments: what works and what doesn’t? Oxford Rev. Econ. Policy 28, 69–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grs009
Molnar, A., Scherr, S.J., Khare, A., 2004. Who conserves the world’s forests? A new assessment of conservation and investment trends. Forest Trends and Ecoagriculture Partners, Washington, DC.
Mon, M.S., Kajisa, T., Mizoue, N., Yoshida, S., 2010. Monitoring Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Bago Mountain Area, Myanmar using FCD Mapper. J. For. Plan. 15, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.15.2_63
Mon, M.S., Kajisa, T., Mizoue, N., Yoshida, S., 2009. Factors Affecting Deforestation in Paunglaung Watershed, Myanmar using Remote Sensing and GIS. J. For. Plan. 14, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.14.1_7
Mon, M.S., Mizoue, N., Htun, N.Z., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., 2012. Factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation in selectively logged production forest: A case study in Myanmar. For. Ecol. Manage. 267, 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.036
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Kent, J., 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Myint, A.A., 2018. Analysis of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Shan State and strategic options to address those. https://www.forestdepartment.gov.mm/sites/default/files/Documents/Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation.pdf (accessed 1.22.20).
Nagendra, H., Karmacharya, M., Karna, B., 2005. Evaluating Forest Management in Nepal: Views across Space and Time. Ecol. Soc. 10, art24. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01230-100124
Nagothu, U.S., 2001. Fuelwood and fodder extraction and deforestation: mainstream views in India discussed on the basis of data from the semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Geoforum 32, 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(00)00034-8
Nambiar, E.K.S., 2019. Tamm Review: Re-imagining forestry and wood business: pathways to rural development, poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation in the tropics. For. Ecol. Manage. 448, 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.014
National Commission for Environmental Affairs, 1997. Myanmar Agenda 21, second. ed. National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA), Yangon, Myanmar.
Ndangalasi, H.J., Bitariho, R., Dovie, D.B.K., 2007. Harvesting of non-timber forest products and implications for conservation in two montane forests of East Africa. Biol. Conserv. 134, 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.06.020
Negi, S., Pham, T., Karky, B., Garcia, C., 2018. Role of Community and User Attributes in Collective Action: Case Study of Community-Based Forest Management in Nepal. Forests 9, 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030136
Negi, V.S., Joshi, B.C., Pathak, R., Rawal, R.S., Sekar, K.C., 2018. Assessment of fuelwood diversity and consumption patterns in cold desert part of Indian Himalaya: Implication for conservation and quality of life. J. Clean. Prod. 196, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.237
Nepstad, D., Schwartzman, S., Bamberger, B., Santilli, M., Ray, D., Schlesinger, P., Lefebvre, P., Alencar, A., Prinz, E., Fiske, G., Rolla, A., 2006. Inhibition of Amazon Deforestation and Fire by Parks and Indigenous Lands. Conserv. Biol. 20, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00351.x
Nerfa, L., Rhemtulla, J.M., Zerriffi, H., 2020. Forest dependence is more than forest income: Development of a new index of forest product collection and livelihood resources. World Dev. 125, 104689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104689
Newbold, T., Hudson, L.N., Phillips, H.R.P., Hill, S.L.L., Contu, S., Lysenko, I., Blandon, A., Butchart, S.H.M., Booth, H.L., Day, J., De Palma, A., Harrison, M.L.K., Kirkpatrick, L., Pynegar, E., Robinson, A., Simpson, J., Mace, G.M., Scharlemann, J.P.W., Purvis, A., 2014. A global model of the response of tropical and sub-tropical forest biodiversity to anthropogenic pressures. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20141371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1371
Newton, P., Kinzer, A.T., Miller, D.C., Oldekop, J.A., Agrawal, A., 2020. The Number and Spatial Distribution of Forest-Proximate People Globally. One Earth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.016
Nomura, K., Mitchard, E.T.A., Patenaude, G., Bastide, J., Oswald, P., Nwe, T., 2019. Oil palm concessions in southern Myanmar consist mostly of unconverted forest. Sci. Rep. 9, 11931. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48443-3
Nüchel, J., Bøcher, P.K., Svenning, J.-C., 2019. Topographic slope steepness and anthropogenic pressure interact to shape the distribution of tree cover in China. Appl. Geogr. 103, 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.12.008
Nugroho, H.Y.S.H., van der Veen, A., Skidmore, A.K., Hussin, Y.A., 2018. Expansion of traditional land-use and deforestation: a case study of an adat forest in the Kandilo Subwatershed, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. For. Res. 29, 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0449-9
Ojanen, M., Zhou, W., Miller, D.C., Nieto, S.H., Mshale, B., Petrokofsky, G., 2017. What are the environmental impacts of property rights regimes in forests, fisheries and rangelands? Environ. Evid. 6, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-017-0090-2
Okumu, B., Muchapondwa, E., 2020. Determinants of successful collective management of forest resources: Evidence from Kenyan Community Forest Associations. For. Policy Econ. 113, 102122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102122
Oldekop, J.A., Bebbington, A.J., Brockington, D., Preziosi, R.F., 2010. Understanding the Lessons and Limitations of Conservation and Development. Conserv. Biol. 24, 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01456.x
Oldekop, J.A., Holmes, G., Harris, W.E., Evans, K.L., 2016. A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas. Conserv. Biol. 30, 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12568
Oldekop, J.A., Rasmussen, L.V., Agrawal, A., Bebbington, A.J., Meyfroidt, P., Bengston, D.N., Blackman, A., Brooks, S., Davidson-Hunt, I., Davies, P., Dinsi, S.C., Fontana, L.B., Gumucio, T., Kumar, C., Kumar, K., Moran, D., Mwampamba, T.H., Nasi, R., Nilsson, M., Pinedo-Vasquez, M.A., Rhemtulla, J.M., Sutherland, W.J., Watkins, C., Wilson, S.J., 2020. Forest-linked livelihoods in a globalized world. Nat. Plants 6, 1400–1407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00814-9
Oldekop, J.A., Sims, K.R.E., Karna, B.K., Whittingham, M.J., Agrawal, A., 2019. Reductions in deforestation and poverty from decentralized forest management in Nepal. Nat. Sustain. 2, 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0277-3
Olmuş, H., Beşpınar, E., Nazman, E., 2019. Performance evaluation of some propensity score matching methods by using binary logistic regression model. Commun. Stat.- Simul. Comput. 0918, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2019.1679181
Ota, T., Lonn, P., Mizoue, N., 2020. A country scale analysis revealed effective forest policy affecting forest cover changes in Cambodia. Land use policy 95, 104597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104597
Pagdee, A., Kim, Y., Daugherty, P.J., 2006. What Makes Community Forest Management Successful: A Meta-Study From Community Forests Throughout the World. Soc. Nat. Resour. 19, 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920500323260
Pandit, R., Bevilacqua, E., 2011. Forest users and environmental impacts of community forestry in the hills of Nepal. For. Policy Econ. 13, 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.03.009
Papworth, S., Rao, M., Oo, M.M., Latt, K.T., Tizard, R., Pienkowski, T., Carrasco, L.R., 2017. The impact of gold mining and agricultural concessions on the tree cover and local communities in northern Myanmar. Sci. Rep. 7, 46594. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46594
Paradis, E., 2021. Forest gains and losses in Southeast Asia over 27 years: The slow convergence towards reforestation. For. Policy Econ. 122, 102332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102332
Pearson, T.R.H., Brown, S., Murray, L., Sidman, G., 2017. Greenhouse gas emissions from tropical forest degradation: an underestimated source. Carbon Balance Manag. 12, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-017-0072-2
Pelletier, J., Gélinas, N., Skutsch, M., 2016. The Place of Community Forest Management in the REDD+ Landscape. Forests 7, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/f7080170
Pereda, M., Capraro, V., Sánchez, A., 2019. Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games. Sci. Rep. 9, 5503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019- 41988-3
Perez-Verdin, G., Kim, Y.-S., Hospodarsky, D., Tecle, A., 2009. Factors driving deforestation in common-pool resources in northern Mexico. J. Environ. Manage. 90, 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.10.001
Pfaff, A., Robalino, J., 2017. Spillovers from Conservation Programs. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 9, 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100516-053543
Pfaff, A., Robalino, J., Lima, E., Sandoval, C., Herrera, L.D., 2014. Governance, Location and Avoided Deforestation from Protected Areas: Greater Restrictions Can Have Lower Impact, Due to Differences in Location. World Dev. 55, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.011
Plata-Rocha, W., Monjardin-Armenta, S.A., Pacheco-Angulo, C.E., Rangel-Peraza, J.G., Franco-Ochoa, C., Mora-Felix, Z.D., 2021. Proximate and Underlying Deforestation Causes in a Tropical Basin through Specialized Consultation and Spatial Logistic Regression Modeling. Land 10, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020186
Poffenberger, M., 2006. People in the forest: community forestry experiences from Southeast Asia. Int. J. Environ. Sustain. Dev. 5, 57. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESD.2006.008683
Pohjanmies, T., Jašková, A., Hotanen, J.-P., Manninen, O., Salemaa, M., Tolvanen, A., Merilä, P., 2021. Abundance and diversity of edible wild plants in managed boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 491, 119151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119151
Porter-Bolland, L., Ellis, E.A., Guariguata, M.R., Ruiz-Mallén, I., Negrete-Yankelevich, S., Reyes-García, V., 2012. Community managed forests and forest protected areas: An assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. For. Ecol. Manage. 268, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034
Poteete, A.R., Ostrom, E., 2004. Heterogeneity, Group Size and Collective Action: The Role of Institutions in Forest Management. Dev. Change 35, 435–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00360.x
Power, T.M., 2006. Public Timber Supply, Market Adjustments, and Local Economies: Economic Assumptions of the Northwest Forest Plan. Conserv. Biol. 20, 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00383.x
Pradhan, N., Habib, H., Venkatappa, M., Ebbers, T., Duboz, R., Shipin, O., 2015. Framework tool for a rapid cumulative effects assessment: case of a prominent wetland in Myanmar. Environ. Monit. Assess. 187 (6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4508-4
Prescott, G.W., Sutherland, W.J., Aguirre, D., Baird, M., Bowman, V., Brunner, J., Connette, G.M., Cosier, M., Dapice, D., De Alban, J.D.T., Diment, A., Fogerite, J., Fox, J., Hlaing, W., Htun, S., Hurd, J., LaJeunesse Connette, K., Lasmana, F., Lim, C.L., Lynam, A., Maung, A.C., McCarron, B., McCarthy, J.F., McShea, W.J., Momberg, F., Mon, M.S., Myint, T., Oberndorf, R., Oo, T.N., Phelps, J., Rao, M., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Speechly, H., Springate-Baginski, O., Steinmetz, R., Talbott, K., Than, M.M., Thaung, T.L., Thawng, S.C.L., Thein, K.M., Thein, S., Tizard, R., Whitten, T., Williams, G., Wilson, T., Woods, K., Ziegler, A.D., Zrust, M., Webb, E.L., 2017. Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar. Conserv. Biol. 31, 1257–1270. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13021
Primmer, E., Varumo, L., Krause, T., Orsi, F., Geneletti, D., Brogaard, S., Aukes, E., Ciolli, M., Grossmann, C., Hernández-Morcillo, M., Kister, J., Kluvánková, T., Loft, L., Maier, C., Meyer, C., Schleyer, C., Spacek, M., Mann, C., 2021. Mapping Europe’s institutional landscape for forest ecosystem service provision, innovations and governance. Ecosyst. Serv. 47, 101225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101225
Putraditama, A., Kim, Y.-S., Sánchez Meador, A.J., 2019. Community forest management and forest cover change in Lampung, Indonesia. For. Policy Econ. 106, 101976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.101976
R Core Team, 2020. R : A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/ (accessed 8.1.20).
R Core Team, 2019. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/
Rahman, M.H., Kitajima, K., Rahman, M.F., 2021. Spatial patterns of woodfuel consumption by commercial cooking sectors within 30 km of Lawachara National Park in northeastern Bangladesh. Energy Sustain. Dev. 61, 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.01.008
Rajwar, G.S., Kumar, M., 2011. Fuelwood consumption in two tribal villages of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve of the Indian Himalaya and strategies for fuelwood sustainability. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 13, 727–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-011-9286-8
Ramankutty, N., Gibbs, H.K., Achard, F., Defriess, R., Foley, J.A., Houghton, R.A., 2007. Challenges to estimating carbon emissions from tropical deforestation. Glob. Chang. Biol. 13, 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01272.x
Rasolofoson, R.A., Ferraro, P.J., Jenkins, C.N., Jones, J.P.G., 2015. Effectiveness of Community Forest Management at reducing deforestation in Madagascar. Biol. Conserv. 184, 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.027
Rasolofoson, R.A., Ferraro, P.J., Ruta, G., Rasamoelina, M.S., Randriankolona, P.L., Larsen, H.O., Jones, J.P.G., 2017. Impacts of Community Forest Management on Human Economic Well-Being across Madagascar. Conserv. Lett. 10, 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12272
Re, V., Thin, M.M., Setti, M., Comizzoli, S., Sacchi, E., 2018. Present status and future criticalities evidenced by an integrated assessment of water resources quality at catchment scale: The case of Inle Lake (Southern Shan state, Myanmar). Appl. Geochemistry 92, 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.03.005
Reddy, C.S., Pasha, S.V., Satish, K. V., Unnikrishnan, A., Chavan, S.B., Jha, C.S., Diwakar, P.G., Dadhwal, V.K., 2019a. Quantifying and predicting multi-decadal forest cover changes in Myanmar: a biodiversity hotspot under threat. Biodivers. Conserv. 28, 1129–1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01714-x
Reddy, C.S., Unnikrishnan, A., Asra, M., Maya Manikandan, T., Jaishanker, R., 2019b. Spatial Conservation Prioritisation of Threatened Forest Ecosystems in Myanmar. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 47, 1737–1749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-019- 01025-2
Richards, D.R., Friess, D.A., 2016. Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113
Robinson, B.E., Holland, M.B., Naughton-Treves, L., 2014. Does secure land tenure save forests? A meta-analysis of the relationship between land tenure and tropical deforestation. Glob. Environ. Chang. 29, 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.012
Robinson, J.G., Redford, K.H., 1994. Measuring the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests. Oryx 28, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300028647
Roces-Díaz, J. V., Vayreda, J., De Cáceres, M., García-Valdés, R., Banqué-Casanovas, M., Morán-Ordóñez, A., Brotons, L., De- Miguel, S., Martínez-Vilalta, J., 2021. Temporal changes in Mediterranean forest ecosystem services are driven by stand development, rather than by climate-related disturbances. For. Ecol. Manage. 480, 118623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118623
Rosenbaum, P.R., Rubin, D.B., 1985. Constructing a Control Group Using Multivariate Matched Sampling Methods That Incorporate the Propensity Score. Am. Stat. 39, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1985.10479383
San, V., Spoann, V., Ly, D., Chheng, N.V., 2012. Fuelwood consumption patterns in Chumriey Mountain, Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia. Energy 44, 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.025
Santiago, A.R., Couto, H.T.Z. do, 2020. Socioeconomic development versus deforestation: considerations on the sustainability of economic and social growth in most Brazilian municipalities. Environ. Dev. 35, 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100520
Santika, T., Meijaard, E., Budiharta, S., Law, E.A., Kusworo, A., Hutabarat, J.A., Indrawan, T.P., Struebig, M., Raharjo, S., Huda, I., Sulhani, Ekaputri, A.D., Trison, S., Stigner, M., Wilson, K.A., 2017. Community forest management in Indonesia: Avoided deforestation in the context of anthropogenic and climate complexities. Glob. Environ. Chang. 46, 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.002
Santika, T., Wilson, K.A., Budiharta, S., Kusworo, A., Meijaard, E., Law, E.A., Friedman, R., Hutabarat, J.A., Indrawan, T.P., St. John, F.A. V., Struebig, M.J., 2019. Heterogeneous impacts of community forestry on forest conservation and poverty alleviation: Evidence from Indonesia. People Nat. 1, 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.25
Saung, T., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., 2020. Differences in Forest Use Strategies for Cash Income between Households Living outside and inside Selectively Logged Production Forests in Myanmar. Forests 11, 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121263
Scheid, A., Hafner, J., Hoffmann, H., Kächele, H., Sieber, S., Rybak, C., 2018. Fuelwood scarcity and its adaptation measures: an assessment of coping strategies applied by small-scale farmers in Dodoma region, Tanzania. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 095004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aadb27
Schleicher, J., Eklund, J., D. Barnes, M., Geldmann, J., Oldekop, J.A., Jones, J.P.G., 2020. Statistical matching for conservation science. Conserv. Biol. 34, 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13448
Schreckenberg, K., Luttrell, C., 2009. Participatory forest management: a route to poverty reduction? Int. For. Rev. 11, 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.11.2.221
Seymour, F., Harris, N.L., 2019. Reducing tropical deforestation. Science. 365, 756– 757. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax8546
Shimizu, K., Ahmed, O.S., Ponce-Hernandez, R., Ota, T., Win, Z.C., Mizoue, N., Yoshida, S., 2017. Attribution of Disturbance Agents to Forest Change Using a Landsat Time Series in Tropical Seasonal Forests in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar. Forests 8, 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8060218
Shrestha, M., Piman, T., Grünbühel, C., 2021. Prioritizing key biodiversity areas for conservation based on threats and ecosystem services using participatory and GIS- based modeling in Chindwin River Basin, Myanmar. Ecosyst. Serv. 48, 101244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101244
Sidle, R.C., Ziegler, A.D., Vogler, J.B., 2007. Contemporary changes in open water surface area of Lake Inle, Myanmar. Sustain. Sci. 2, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-006-0020-7
Singh, D., Zerriffi, H., Bailis, R., LeMay, V., 2021. Forest, farms and fuelwood: Measuring changes in fuelwood collection and consumption behavior from a clean cooking intervention. Energy Sustain. Dev. 61, 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.02.002
Singh, G., Rawat, G.S., Verma, D., 2010. Comparative study of fuelwood consumption by villagers and seasonal “Dhaba owners” in the tourist affected regions of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Energy Policy 38, 1895–1899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.069
Soe, K.T., Yeo-Chang, Y., 2019. Perceptions of forest-dependent communities toward participation in forest conservation: A case study in Bago Yoma, South-Central Myanmar. For. Policy Econ. 100, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.11.009
Soe Zin, W., Suzuki, A., Peh, K.S.H., Gasparatos, A., 2019. Economic Value of Cultural Ecosystem Services from Recreation in Popa Mountain National Park, Myanmar: A Comparison of Two Rapid Valuation Techniques. Land 8, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8120194
Song, C., Bilsborrow, R., Jagger, P., Zhang, Q., Chen, X., Huang, Q., 2018. Rural Household Energy Use and Its Determinants in China: How Important Are Influences of Payment for Ecosystem Services vs. Other Factors? Ecol. Econ. 145, 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.028
Songer, M., Myint Aung, Senior, B., Defries, R., Leimgruber, P., 2009. Spatial and temporal deforestation dynamics in protected and unprotected dry forests: A case study from Myanmar (Burma). Biodivers. Conserv. 18, 1001–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9490-5
Sotirov, M., Arts, B., 2018. Integrated Forest Governance in Europe: An introduction to the special issue on forest policy integration and integrated forest management. Land use policy 79, 960–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.042
Specht, M.J., Pinto, S.R.R., Albuquerque, U.P., Tabarelli, M., Melo, F.P.L., 2015. Burning biodiversity: Fuelwood harvesting causes forest degradation in human- dominated tropical landscapes. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 3, 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.12.002
Steele, M.Z., Shackleton, C.M., Uma Shaanker, R., Ganeshaiah, K.N., Radloff, S., 2015. The influence of livelihood dependency, local ecological knowledge and market proximity on the ecological impacts of harvesting non-timber forest products. For. Policy Econ. 50, 285–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.07.011
Stibig, H.-J., Achard, F., Carboni, S., Raši, R., Miettinen, J., 2014. Change in tropical forest cover of Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2010. Biogeosciences 11, 247–258. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-247-2014
Stuart, E.A., 2010. Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward. Stat. Sci. 25, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1214/09-STS313
Su, M., Jassby, A.D., 2000. Inle: A large Myanmar lake in transition. Lakes Reserv. Res. Manag. 5, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1770.2000.00090.x
Sulaiman, C., Abdul-Rahim, A.S., Mohd-Shahwahid, H.O., Chin, L., 2017. Wood fuel consumption, institutional quality, and forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from a dynamic panel framework. Ecol. Indic. 74, 414–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.045
Sunderlin, W.D., Angelsen, A., Belcher, B., Burgers, P., Nasi, R., Santoso, L., Wunder, S., 2005. Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries: An Overview. World Dev. 33, 1383–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.004
Tafoya, K.A., Brondizio, E.S., Johnson, C.E., Beck, P., Wallace, M., Quirós, R., Wasserman, M.D., 2020. Effectiveness of Costa Rica’s Conservation Portfolio to Lower Deforestation, Protect Primates, and Increase Community Participation. Front. Environ. Sci. 8, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.580724
Tantipisanuh, N., Savini, T., Cutter, P., Gale, G.A., 2016. Biodiversity gap analysis of the protected area system of the Indo-Burma Hotspot and priorities for increasing biodiversity representation. Biol. Conserv. 195, 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.043
Taylor, M.J., Moran-Taylor, M.J., Castellanos, E.J., Elías, S., 2011. Burning for Sustainability: Biomass Energy, International Migration, and the Move to Cleaner Fuels and Cookstoves in Guatemala. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 101, 918–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.568881
Thakur, S., Negi, V.S., Pathak, R., Dhyani, R., Durgapal, K., Rawal, R.S., 2020. Indicator based integrated vulnerability assessment of community forests in Indian west Himalaya. For. Ecol. Manage. 457, 117674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117674
Thin, M.M., Setti, M., Sacchi, E., Re, V., Riccardi, M.P., Allais, E., 2020. Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of alkaline lake sediments to trace origin, depositional processes, and anthropogenic impacts: Inle Lake (Southern Shan State, Myanmar). Environ. Earth Sci. 79, 166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665- 020-08909-4
Thompson, I.D., Guariguata, M.R., Okabe, K., Bahamondez, C., Nasi, R., Heymell, V., Sabogal, C., 2013. An Operational Framework for Defining and Monitoring Forest Degradation. Ecol. Soc. 18, art20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05443-180220
Tint, K., Springate-baginski, O., Ko, M., Gyi, K., 2011. Community Forestry in Myanmar : Progress & Potentials. Pyoe Pin, ECCDI and University of East Anglia.
Top, N., Mizoue, N., Kai, S., 2003. Woodfuel Consumption Rates and Flow in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. J. For. Plan. 9, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.9.1_17
Top, N., Mizoue, N., Kai, S., Nakao, T., 2004. Variation in woodfuel consumption patterns in response to forest availability in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. Biomass and Bioenergy 27, 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.10.008
Torres-Rojo, J.M., Moreno-Sánchez, R., Amador-Callejas, J., 2019. Effect of capacity building in alleviating poverty and improving forest conservation in the communal forests of Mexico. World Dev. 121, 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.04.016
Trossero, M.A., 2002. Wood energy: the way ahead. Unasylva FAO’s J. For. For. Ind., 211. URL https://www.fao.org/3/y4450e/y4450e02.pdf (accessed 6.27.18).
Tyukavina, A., Baccini, A., Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P. V., Stehman, S. V., Houghton, R.A., Krylov, A.M., Turubanova, S., Goetz, S.J., 2015. Aboveground carbon loss in natural and managed tropical forests from 2000 to 2012. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 074002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074002
UN-REDD, 2017. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Myanmar. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC), REDD+ Myanmar, and UN-REDD Programme.
Vadrevu, K., Heinimann, A., Gutman, G., Justice, C., 2019. Remote sensing of land use/cover changes in South and Southeast Asian Countries. Int. J. Digit. Earth 12, 1099–1102. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2019.1654274
van der Werf, G.R., Morton, D.C., DeFries, R.S., Olivier, J.G.J., Kasibhatla, P.S., Jackson, R.B., Collatz, G.J., Randerson, J.T., 2009. CO2 emissions from forest loss. Nat. Geosci. 2, 737–738. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo671
Van Laerhoven, F., 2010. Governing community forests and the challenge of solving two-level collective action dilemmas—A large-N perspective. Glob. Environ. Chang. 20, 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.04.005
Veettil, B.K., Pereira, S.F.R., Quang, N.X., 2018. Rapidly diminishing mangrove forests in Myanmar (Burma): a review. Hydrobiologia 822, 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3673-1
Wang, C., Myint, S.W., 2016. Environmental Concerns of Deforestation in Myanmar 2001–2010. Remote Sens. 8, 728. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090728
Webb, E.L., Jachowski, N.R.A., Phelps, J., Friess, D.A., Than, M.M., Ziegler, A.D., 2014. Deforestation in the Ayeyarwady Delta and the conservation implications of an internationally-engaged Myanmar. Glob. Environ. Chang. 24, 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.10.007
Wessels, K.J., Mathieu, R., Erasmus, B.F.N., Asner, G.P., Smit, I.P.J., van Aardt, J.A.N., Main, R., Fisher, J., Marais, W., Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., Knapp, D.E., Emerson, R., Jacobson, J., 2011. Impact of communal land use and conservation on woody vegetation structure in the Lowveld savannas of South Africa. For. Ecol. Manage. 261, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.012
Wiersum, K.F., 2004. Social and community forestry. Encycl. For. Sci. 1136–1143.
Wijesinghe, L.C.A. de S., 1984. A Sample Study of Biomass Fuel Consumption in Sri Lanka Households. Biomass 5, 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(84)90073-8
Win, Z.C., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., 2018a. Consumption Rates and Use Patterns of Firewood and Charcoal in Urban and Rural Communities in Yedashe Township, Myanmar. Forests 9, 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070429
Win, Z.C., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., Oo, T.N., Ma, H., 2018b. Differences in consumption rates and patterns between firewood and charcoal: A case study in a rural area of Yedashe Township, Myanmar. Biomass and Bioenergy 109, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.12.011
Yanai, A.M., Graça, P.M.L. de A., Escada, M.I.S., Ziccardi, L.G., Fearnside, P.M., 2020. Deforestation dynamics in Brazil’s Amazonian settlements: Effects of land-tenure concentration. J. Environ. Manage. 268, 110555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110555
Yang, B., Deng, M., Zhang, M.-X., Moe, A.Z., Ding, H.-B., Maw, M.B., Win, P.P., Corlett, R.T., Tan, Y.-H., 2020. Contributions to the flora of Myanmar from 2000 to 2019. Plant Divers. 42, 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2020.06.005
Yang, R., Luo, Y., Yang, K., Hong, L., Zhou, X., 2019. Analysis of forest deforestation and its driving factors in Myanmar from 1988 to 2017. Sustain. 11, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113047
Yang, W., Liu, W., Vina, A., Tuanmu, M.-N., He, G., Dietz, T., Liu, J., 2013. Nonlinear effects of group size on collective action and resource outcomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 10916–10921. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301733110
Yinghe, H., Yeo-Chang, Y., 2021. What makes the traditional forest-related knowledge deteriorate? A case of Dengcen village in Southwestern China. For. Policy Econ. 125, 102419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102419
Zambrano-Monserrate, M.A., Carvajal-Lara, C., Urgilés-Sanchez, R., Ruano, M.A., 2018. Deforestation as an indicator of environmental degradation: Analysis of five European countries. Ecol. Indic. 90, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.02.049
Zulu, L.C., 2008. Community forest management in Southern Malawi: Solution or part of the problem? Soc. Nat. Resour. 21, 687–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802039242