1. Kamboh MI. Genomics and Functional Genomics of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13311-021-01152-0
2. Guzman-Martinez L, Maccioni RB, Farías GA, Fuentes P, Navarrete LP. Biomarkers
for Alzheimer´s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2019;16:518–28.
3. Naj AC, Schellenberg GD, Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC).
Genomic variants, genes, and pathways of Alzheimer’s disease: An overview. Am
J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2017;174:5–26.
4. Giau V, Van Bagyinszky E, Yang YS, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim SY. Genetic analyses of
early-onset Alzheimer’s disease using next generation sequencing. Sci Rep.
2019;9.
5. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse
Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors. Cell. 2006;126:663–
76.
6. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. Induction
of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell.
2007;131:861–72.
7. Shi Y, Inoue H, Wu JC, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: a
decade of progress. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;16:115–30.
8. Rubin LL. Stem cells and drug discovery: the beginning of a new era? Cell.
2008;132:549–52.
9. Zeng H, Guo M, Zhou T, Tan L, Chong CN, Zhang T, et al. An Isogenic Human ESC
Platform for Functional Evaluation of Genome-wide-Association-Study-Identified
Diabetes Genes and Drug Discovery. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;19:326–40.
10. Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, Naj AC, Sims R, Bellenguez C, et al.
Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1452–8.
11. Kunkle BW, Grenier-Boley B, Sims R, Bis JC, Damotte V, Naj AC, et al. Genetic
meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and
implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat Genet. 2019;51:414–30.
12. Mathys H, Davila-Velderrain J, Peng Z, Gao F, Mohammadi S, Young JZ, et al.
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2019;570:332–7.
13. De Strooper B, Karran E. The Cellular Phase of Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell.
2016;164:603–15.
14. Xia W. γ-Secretase and its modulators: twenty years and beyond. Neurosci Lett.
2019;701:162–9.
15. Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and
problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 2002;297:353–6.
16. Perrin RJ, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM. Multimodal techniques for diagnosis and
prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2009;461:916–22.
17. Israel MA, Yuan SH, Bardy C, Reyna SM, Mu Y, Herrera C, et al. Probing sporadic
and familial Alzheimer’s disease using induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature.
2012;482:216–20.
18. Kondo T, Asai M, Tsukita K, Kutoku Y, Ohsawa Y, Sunada Y, et al. Modeling
Alzheimer’s disease with iPSCs reveals stress phenotypes associated with intracellular Aβ and differential drug responsiveness. Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12:487–96.
Journal of Human Genetics (2023) 68:231 – 235
T. Kondo et al.
235
19. Yagi T, Ito D, Okada Y, Akamatsu W, Nihei Y, Yoshizaki T, et al. Modeling familial
Alzheimer’s disease with induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;
20:4530–9.
20. Chang, CY, Chen, SM, Lu, HE, Lai, SM, Lai, PS, Shen, PW, et al. N-butylidenephthalide attenuates Alzheimer’s disease-like cytopathy in Down syndrome
induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Sci Rep. 2015;5.
21. Oksanen M, Petersen AJ, Naumenko N, Puttonen K, Lehtonen Š, Gubert Olivé M,
et al. PSEN1 Mutant iPSC-Derived Model Reveals Severe Astrocyte Pathology in
Alzheimer’s Disease. Stem Cell Rep. 2017;9:1885–97.
22. Lehtonen Š, Höytyläinen I, Voutilainen J, Sonninen TM, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, et al.
Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line from a patient with a
rare A673T variant in amyloid precursor protein gene that reduces the risk for
Alzheimer’s disease. Stem Cell Res. 2018;30:96–9.
23. Kondo T, Imamura K, Funayama M, Tsukita K, Miyake M, Ohta A, et al. iPSC-Based
Compound Screening and In Vitro Trials Identify a Synergistic Anti-amyloid β
Combination for Alzheimer’s Disease. Cell Rep. 2017;21:2304–12.
24. Young JE, Fong LK, Frankowski H, Petsko GA, Small SA, Goldstein LSB. Stabilizing
the Retromer Complex in a Human Stem Cell Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Reduces TAU Phosphorylation Independently of Amyloid Precursor Protein. Stem
Cell Rep. 2018;10:1046–58.
25. Kimura J, Shimizu K, Kajima K, Yokosuka A, Mimaki Y, Oku N, et al. Nobiletin
Reduces Intracellular and Extracellular β-Amyloid in iPS Cell-Derived Alzheimer’s
Disease Model Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull. 2018;41:451–7.
26. Brownjohn PW, Smith J, Portelius E, Serneels L, Kvartsberg H, De Strooper B, et al.
Phenotypic Screening Identifies Modulators of Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing in Human Stem Cell Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Stem Cell Rep.
2017;8:870–82.
27. Wang C, Najm R, Xu Q, Jeong D, Walker D, Balestra ME, et al. Gain of toxic
apolipoprotein E4 effects in human iPSC-derived neurons is ameliorated by a
small-molecule structure corrector. Nat Med. 2018;24:647–57.
28. Kondo, T, Banno, H, Okunomiya, T, Amino, Y, Endo, K, Nakakura, A, et al.
Repurposing bromocriptine for Aβ metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease (REBRAnD)
study: randomised placebo-controlled double-blind comparative trial and openlabel extension trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of bromocriptine in
Alzheimer’s disease with presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutations. BMJ Open 2021;11.
29. Huang Y-WA, Zhou B, Wernig M, Südhof TC. ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 Differentially Stimulate APP Transcription and Aβ Secretion. Cell. 2017;168:427–44. e21
30. Lin Y-T, Seo J, Gao F, Feldman HM, Wen H-L, Penney J, et al. APOE4 Causes
Widespread Molecular and Cellular Alterations Associated with Alzheimer’s
Disease Phenotypes in Human iPSC-Derived Brain Cell Types. Neuron. 2018;
98:1141–54.
31. Schmid, B, Prehn, KR, Nimsanor, N, Garcia, BIA, Poulsen, U, Jørring, I, et al. Generation of a set of isogenic, gene-edited iPSC lines homozygous for all main APOE
variants and an APOE knock-out line. Stem Cell Res. 2019;34.
32. Huang YWA, Zhou B, Nabet AM, Wernig M, Südhof TC. Differential Signaling
Mediated by ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 in Human Neurons Parallels Alzheimer’s
Disease Risk. J Neurosci. 2019;39:7408–27.
33. Young JE, Boulanger-weill J, Edland SD, Goldstein LSB, Herrera C, Israel MA, et al.
Elucidating molecular phenotypes caused by the SORL1 Alzheimer’s disease
genetic risk factor using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell.
2015;16:373–85.
34. Blanchard JW, Victor MB, Tsai LH. Dissecting the complexities of
Alzheimer disease with in vitro models of the human brain. Nat Rev Neurol.
2022;18:25–39.
35. Escott-Price V, Sims R, Bannister C, Harold D, Vronskaya M, Majounie E, et al.
Common polygenic variation enhances risk prediction for Alzheimer’s disease.
Brain. 2015;138:3673–84.
36. Desikan RS, Fan CC, Wang Y, Schork AJ, Cabral HJ, Cupples LA, et al. Genetic
assessment of age-associated Alzheimer disease risk: development and validation
of a polygenic hazard score. PLOS Med. 2017;14:e1002258.
37. Kondo T, Hara N, Koyama S, Yada Y, Tsukita K, Nagahashi A, et al. Dissection of
the polygenic architecture of neuronal Aβ production using a large sample of
Journal of Human Genetics (2023) 68:231 – 235
38.
39.
40.
41.
individual iPSC lines derived from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Nat Aging.
2022;2:125–39.
Cahan P, Daley GQ. Origins and implications of pluripotent stem cell variability
and heterogeneity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013;14:357–68.
Watanabe A, Yamada Y & Yamanaka S. Epigenetic regulation in pluripotent stem
cells: a key to breaking the epigenetic barrier. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.
2013;368.
Simpson DJ, Olova NN, Chandra T. Cellular reprogramming and epigenetic
rejuvenation. Clin Epigenet. 2021;13:1–10. 2021 131
Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol.
2013;14:1–20.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mikie Iijima, Tomomi Urai, Miho
Nagata, Makiko Yasui, and Junko Enomoto for their valuable administrative support.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
HI conceived the project. TK, YY, T I, and HI designed the experiment.
FUNDING
This research was funded in part by a grant for Core Center for iPS Cell Research of
Research Center Network for Realization of Regenerative Medicine from AMED to HI,
iPS Cell Research Fund to HI, Uehara Memorial Foundation to HI, KAKENHI
(21H02807) to HI, KAKENHI (17K16121) and (20K16599) to TK, KAKENHI (18K18452)
to TK, YY, and HI, the invited Project at iACT, Kyoto University Hospital to HI, Suzuki
Memorial Foundation to HI, and AMED (JP20dk0207045) to TI.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare no competing interests.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Haruhisa Inoue.
Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/
reprints
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative
Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party
material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless
indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the
article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory
regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly
from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/.
© The Author(s) 2022
...