[1]
S. Datta and B. Das, Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 665 (1990).
[2]
I. Žutić, J. Fabian, and S. D. Sarma, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323 (2004).
[3]
H. C. Koo, J. H. Kwon, J. Eom, J. Chang, S. H. Han, and M. Johnson, Science 325, 1515
(2009).
[4]
A. Manchon, H. C. Koo, J. Nitta, S. Frolov, and R. Duine, Nat. Mater. 14, 871 (2015).
[5]
A. Soumyanarayanan, N. Reyren, A. Fert, and C. Panagopoulos, Nature 539, 509 (2016).
[6]
X. Lin, W. Yang, K. L. Wang, and W. Zhao, Nature Electronics 2, 274 (2019).
[7]
Q. Liu, X. Zhang, J. A. Waugh, D. S. Dessau, and A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B 94, 125207
(2016).
[8]
J.-W. Luo, G. Bester, and A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 056405 (2009).
[9]
R. Winkler, Spin-orbit coupling effects in two-dimensional electron and hole systems
(Springer Science & Business Media, 2003), Vol. 191, Book-Winkler.
[10]
G. Dresselhaus, Phys. Rev. 100, 580 (1955).
[11]
E. I. Rashba, Sov. Phys. Solid State 2, 1109 (1960).
[12]
Y. A. Bychkov and É. I. Rashba, JETP Lett. 39, 78 (1984).
[13] Y. A. Bychkov and E. I. Rashba, Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 17, 6039
(1984).
[14]
Y. A. Bychkov and V. M. n. E. J. Z. E. T. F. Rashba, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz 98, 726 (1990).
[15]
D. Di Sante, P. Barone, R. Bertacco, and S. Picozzi, Adv. Mater. 25, 509 (2013).
[16]
K. Ishizaka et al., Nat. Mater. 10, 521 (2011).
[17]
X. Zhang, Q. Liu, J.-W. Luo, A. J. Freeman, and A. Zunger, Nat. Phys. 10, 387 (2014).
[18] L. Yuan, Q. Liu, X. Zhang, J.-W. Luo, S.-S. Li, and A. Zunger, Nat. Commun. 10, 906
(2019).
[19] Z. Yingjie, L. Pengfei, S. Hongyi, Z. Shixuan, X. Hu, and L. Qihang, Chin. Phys. Lett.
37, 87105 (2020).
[20]
J. M. Riley et al., Nat. Phys. 10, 835 (2014).
[21]
E. Razzoli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 086402 (2017).
[22]
D. Santos-Cottin et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 11258 (2016).
[23]
W. Yao et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 14216 (2017).
[24]
K. Gotlieb et al., Science 362, 1271 (2018).
13
[25]
X. Chen et al., Nat. Mater. 18, 931 (2019).
[26] P.-H. Lin, B.-Y. Yang, M.-H. Tsai, P.-C. Chen, K.-F. Huang, H.-H. Lin, and C.-H. Lai,
Nat. Mater. 18, 335 (2019).
[27]
J. Zhou et al., Sci. Adv. 5, eaau6696 (2019).
[28]
J. H. Ryoo and C.-H. Park, Npg Asia Materials 9, e382 (2017).
[29] R. Gautier, J. M. Klingsporn, R. P. Van Duyne, and K. R. Poeppelmeier, Nat. Mater. 15,
591 (2016).
[30]
Q. Liu, X. Zhang, and A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 087402 (2015).
[31] J. Železný, H. Gao, K. Výborný, J. Zemen, J. Mašek, A. Manchon, J. Wunderlich, J.
Sinova, and T. Jungwirth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 157201 (2014).
[32]
P. Wadley et al., Science 351, 587 (2016).
[33]
Q. Liu and A. Zunger, Physical Review X 7, 021019 (2017).
[34] W. C. Yu, X. Zhou, F.-C. Chuang, S. A. Yang, H. Lin, and A. Bansil, Physical Review
Materials 2, 051201 (2018).
[35]
T. Yang et al., Nat. Mater. 19, 27 (2020).
[36]
Q.-F. Liang, J. Zhou, R. Yu, Z. Wang, and H. Weng, Phys. Rev. B 93, 085427 (2016).
[37]
T. Bzdušek, Q. Wu, A. Rüegg, M. Sigrist, and A. A. Soluyanov, Nature 538, 75 (2016).
[38]
L. M. Schoop et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 1 (2016).
[39]
A. Topp et al., Physical Review X 7, 041073 (2017).
[40]
M. Arumugam and M. Y. Choi, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 81, 237 (2020).
[41]
X. Zhang, L. Zhang, T. Xie, and D. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 7371 (2009).
[42]
J. Cao, B. Xu, B. Luo, H. Lin, and S. Chen, Catal. Commun. 13, 63 (2011).
[43] W. Witczak-Krempa, G. Chen, Y. B. Kim, and L. Balents, Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter
Phys. 5, 57 (2014).
[44]
H. Rabitz, R. de Vivie-Riedle, M. Motzkus, and K. Kompa, Science 288, 824 (2000).
[45]
C. Brif, R. Chakrabarti, and H. Rabitz, New J. Phys. 12, 075008 (2010).
[46]
Y.-F. Chang, Int. J. Nano Mater. Sci. 2, 9 (2013).
[47]
D. Basov, R. Averitt, and D. Hsieh, Nat. Mater. 16, 1077 (2017).
[48]
Y. Tokura, M. Kawasaki, and N. Nagaosa, Nat. Phys. 13, 1056 (2017).
[49]
M. Sato and Y. Ando, Rep. Prog. Phys. 80, 076501 (2017).
[50]
S. Haindl et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 046502 (2014).
[51]
C. Trang et al., Nat. Commun. 11, 1 (2020).
14
[52]
H. Hertz, Annalen der Physik 267, 983 (1887).
[53]
A. Einstein, Annalen der Physik 322, 132 (1905).
[54]
C. Nordling, E. Sokolowski, and K. Siegbahn, Phys. Rev. 105, 1676 (1957).
[55] D. H. Bilderback, P. Elleaume, and E. Weckert, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, S773
(2005).
[56]
C. Kunz, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, 7499 (2001).
[57]
J. He and Z. Zhao, Natl. Sci. Rev. 1, 171 (2014).
[58]
A. Balerna and S. Mobilio, in Synchrotron radiation (Springer, 2015), pp. 3.
[59]
M. Ogawa et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 023109 (2012).
[60]
X. Zhu et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 083902 (2015).
[61] Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy, (Scienta
https://scientaomicron.com/en/system-solutions/electron-spectroscopy/ARPESLab/technology/Spin-ARPES/37 (Accessed March 1st 2021).
Omicron)
[62] 角
(Wikipedia)
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%88%86%E8%BE%A8%E5%85%89%E9%9
B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%83%BD%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8 (Accessed March 1st 2021).
[63] S. hufner, Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Principles and Application (Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg GmbH, 2003).
[64]
R. Comin and A. Damascelli, in Strongly Correlated Systems (Springer, 2015), pp. 31.
[65] S. Suga and A. Sekiyama, Photoelectron spectroscopy: bulk and surface electronic
structures. 2014 (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014).
[66]
https://www.cond-mat.de/events/correl14/talks/sing.pdf.
[67]
L. Hedin and J. Lee, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 124, 289 (2002).
[68]
J. W. Gadzuk and M. Šunjić, Phys. Rev. B 12, 524 (1975).
[69]
J. Stöhr, R. Jaeger, and J. Rehr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 821 (1983).
[70]
T. A. Carlson and M. O. Krause, Phys. Rev. 140, A1057 (1965).
[71]
A. Reimer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1707 (1986).
[72] J. Hietarinta, B. Grammaticos, B. a. Dorizzi, and A. Ramani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1707
(1984).
[73]
J. Schirmer, M. Braunstein, and V. McKoy, Phys. Rev. A 44, 5762 (1991).
[74]
G. Bandarage and R. R. Lucchese, Phys. Rev. A 47, 1989 (1993).
[75]
M. Randeria et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4951 (1995).
15
[76] J. Koralek, J. Douglas, N. Plumb, J. Griffith, S. Cundiff, H. Kapteyn, M. Murnane, and
D. Dessau, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 053905 (2007).
[77]
J. Koralek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 017005 (2006).
[78]
M. Seah, Surf. Interface Anal. 1, 86 (1979).
[79]
G. Sawatzky, Nature 342, 480 (1989).
[80]
H. Eskes, A. M. Oleś, M. B. Meinders, and W. Stephan, Phys. Rev. B 50, 17980 (1994).
[81]
A. Damascelli, Z. Hussain, and Z.-X. Shen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 473 (2003).
A. A. Abrikosov, L. P. Gorʹkov, and I. E. Dzi︠a︡loshinskiĭ, Quantum field theoretical
[82]
methods in statistical physics (Pergamon, 1965), Vol. 4.
[83]
H. Ehrenreich, F. Seitz, and D. Turnbull, (1973).
[84] A. L. Fetter and J. D. Walecka, Quantum theory of many-particle systems (Courier
Corporation, 2012).
[85]
G. D. Mahan, Many-particle physics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).
[86] V. L. Bonch-Bruevich and S. V. Tyablikov, The Green function method in statistical
mechanics (Courier Dover Publications, 2015).
[87]
85.
K. Shimada, in Very High Resolution Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Springer, 2007), pp.
[88]
J. Hermanson, Solid State Commun. 22, 9 (1977).
[89]
H. Iwasawa et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. 24, 836 (2017).
[90] L. Chernysheva, G. Gribakin, V. Ivanov, and M. Y. Kuchiev, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt.
Phys. 21, L419 (1988).
[91] R. D. Mattuck, A guide to Feynman diagrams in the many-body problem (Courier
Corporation, 1992).
[92]
R. d. L. Kronig, Josa 12, 547 (1926).
[93] H. A. Kramers, in Atti Cong. Intern. Fisica (Transactions of Volta Centenary Congress)
Como1927), pp. 545.
[94]
T. Valla, A. Fedorov, P. Johnson, and S. Hulbert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2085 (1999).
[95] J. Schäfer, D. Schrupp, E. Rotenberg, K. Rossnagel, H. Koh, P. Blaha, and R. Claessen,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 097205 (2004).
[96]
M. Repoux, Surf. Interface Anal. 18, 567 (1992).
[97]
S. Tougaard, Surf. Interface Anal. 11, 453 (1988).
[98]
S. Tougaard and I. Chorkendorff, Phys. Rev. B 35, 6570 (1987).
[99]
H. Froitzheim, Topics in Current Physics 4 (1977).
16
[100] M. P. Seah and W. A. Dench, Surf. Interface Anal. 1, 2 (1979).
[101] P. J. Feibelman and D. Eastman, Phys. Rev. B 10, 4932 (1974).
[102] G. Borstel, Applied Physics A 38, 193 (1985).
[103] F. Reinert and S. Hüfner, New J. Phys. 7, 97 (2005).
[104] T. Okuda, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29, 483001 (2017).
[105] T. J. Gay and F. Dunning, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 1635 (1992).
[106] Sherman Function, (Wikepeida)
(Accessed March. 11th 2021).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_function
[107] A. Takayama, High-Resolution Spin-Resolved Photoemission Spectrometer and the
Rashba Effect in Bismuth Thin Films (Springer, 2014).
[108] J. Kessler, Polarized electrons (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013), Vol. 1.
[109] A. Gellrich and J. Kessler, Phys. Rev. A 43, 204 (1991).
[110] C. Etz, A. Ernst, S. Ostanin, W. Hergert, and I. Mertig, Verhandlungen der Deutschen
Physikalischen Gesellschaft (2010).
[111] K. Legg, F. Jona, D. Jepsen, and P. Marcus, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5271 (1977).
[112] E. Tamura, R. Feder, J. Krewer, R. E. Kirby, E. Kisker, E. L. Garwin, and F. K. King,
Solid State Commun. 55, 543 (1985).
[113] R. Jungblut, C. Roth, F. Hillebrecht, and E. Kisker, Surf. Sci. 269, 615 (1992).
[114] T. Okuda, Y. Takeichi, Y. Maeda, A. Harasawa, I. Matsuda, T. Kinoshita, and A.
Kakizaki, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 123117 (2008).
[115] Synchrotron Radiation, (Wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation
(Accessed March 14th 2021).
[116] Undulator, (Wikepedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undulator (Accessed March 16th
2021).
[117] K. Yoshida et al., in KEK Proc. (NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR HIGH ENERGY
PHYSICS, 1998), pp. 653.
[118] S. Matsuba, K. Goto, and K. Kawase, in 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf.(IPAC'17),
Copenhagen, Denmark, 14â 19 May, 2017 (JACOW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017), pp. 2672.
[119] K. Shimada, in Institutes in Asia Pacific (AAPPS BULLETIN, 2020), p. 3.
[120] S. Souma, T. Sato, T. Takahashi, and P. Baltzer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 123104 (2007).
[121] G. Liu et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 023105 (2008).
[122] T. Kiss et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 023106 (2008).
[123] J. C. Rivière and S. Myhra, Handbook of surface and interface analysis: methods for
problem-solving (CRC press, 2009).
17
[124] E. Plum, X.-X. Liu, V. Fedotov, Y. Chen, D. Tsai, and N. Zheludev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102,
113902 (2009).
[125] D. Xiao, W. Yao, and Q. Niu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 236809 (2007).
[126] K. F. Mak, K. L. McGill, J. Park, and P. L. McEuen, Science 344, 1489 (2014).
[127] M. Gehlmann et al., Scientific Reports 6, 26197 (2016).
[128] J. Tu et al., Phys. Rev. B 101, 035102 (2020).
[129] S.-L. Wu et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 1919 (2017).
[130] C.-X. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 087001 (2017).
[131] P. A. M. Dirac, The principles of quantum mechanics (Fourth Edition) (Oxford
University Press, 1958), The International Series of Monographs on Physics.
[132] S. A. Wolf, D. D. Awschalom, R. A. Buhrman, J. M. Daughton, S. von Molnár, M. L.
Roukes, A. Y. Chtchelkanova, and D. M. Treger, Science 294, 1488 (2001).
[133] I. Žutić, J. Fabian, and S. Das Sarma, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323 (2004).
[134] B. Partoens, Nat. Phys. 10, 333 (2014).
[135] X. Wang, Doctoral thesis, Hiroshima University, 2020.
[136] G. D. M. S. Dresselhaus, A. Jorio, Group theory: application to the physics of condensed
matter (Springer, 2008).
[137] T. Hahn, U. Shmueli, and J. W. Arthur, International tables for crystallography (Reidel
Dordrecht, 1983), Vol. 1.
[138] Introduction
to
Computational
Materials,
workshop/comput_mat.pdf (Accessed March 28 2021).
https://www.vasp.at/vasp-
[139] E. K. Gross and R. M. Dreizler, Density functional theory (Springer Science & Business
Media, 2013), Vol. 337.
[140] J. Callaway and N. March, Solid State Physics 38, 135 (1984).
[141] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and Y. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 54, 16533 (1996).
[142] J. P. Perdew, S. Kurth, A. Zupan, and P. Blaha, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2544 (1999).
[143] J. Heyd, G. E. Scuseria, and M. Ernzerhof, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 8207 (2003).
[144] M. Cococcioni and S. De Gironcoli, Phys. Rev. B 71, 035105 (2005).
[145] F. Aryasetiawan and O. Gunnarsson, Rep. Prog. Phys. 61, 237 (1998).
[146] G. Kresse and J. Furthmüller, Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996).
[147] P. Hohenberg and W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. 136, B864 (1964).
[148] W. Kohn and L. J. Sham, Phys. Rev. 140, A1133 (1965).
[149] G. Kresse and D. Joubert, Phys. Rev. B 59, 1758 (1999).
18
[150] X. Zhang, Z. Ai, F. Jia, and L. Zhang, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 747 (2008).
[151] J. Jiang, X. Zhang, P. Sun, and L. Zhang, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 20555 (2011).
[152] J. C. Slater and G. F. Koster, Phys. Rev. 94, 1498 (1954).
[153] W. A. Harrison, Electronic structure and the properties of solids: the physics of the
chemical bond (Courier Corporation, 2012).
[154] C. Kittel, Quantum theory of solids (John Wiley & Sons, 1987).
[155] P. Schmidt, M. Binnewies, R. Glaum, and M. Schmidt, Chemical vapor transport
reactions–methods, materials, modeling (InTech Rijeka, Croatia, 2013).
[156] M. Binnewies, M. Schmidt, and P. Schmidt, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 643, 1295 (2017).
[157] M. A. Gondal, C. Xiaofeng, and M. A. Dastageer, Novel bismuth-oxyhalide-based
materials and their applications (Springer, 2017).
[158] B. V. Crist, XPS reports 1 (2007).
[159] J. Rumble Jr, D. Bickham, and C. Powell, Surf. Interface Anal. 19, 241 (1992).
[160] C. J. Powell, A. Jablonski, I. Tilinin, S. Tanuma, and D. R. Penn, J. Electron Spectrosc.
Relat. Phenom. 98, 1 (1999).
[161] A. M. Jones, H. Yu, J. S. Ross, P. Klement, N. J. Ghimire, J. Yan, D. G. Mandrus, W.
Yao, and X. Xu, Nat. Phys. 10, 130 (2014).
[162] X. Xu, W. Yao, D. Xiao, and T. F. Heinz, Nat. Phys. 10, 343 (2014).
[163] X. Xi, Z. Wang, W. Zhao, J.-H. Park, K. T. Law, H. Berger, L. Forró, J. Shan, and K. F.
Mak, Nat. Phys. 12, 139 (2016).
[164] A. Damascelli, Z. Hussain, and Z.-X. Shen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 473 (2003).
[165] Y. Cao et al., Nat. Phys. 9, 499 (2013).
[166] A. T. Paxton, NIC Series 42, 145 (2009).
19
Acknowledgement
The three years of doctoral course study at Hiroshima University is an unforgettable
wonderful time in my life. I would like to give special appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Kenya
Shimada who provided a valuable opportunity of studying in such a great environment that I can
concentrate to progress this project. Three years ago, it was the first time I came to Japan. When
I stepped into the Hiroshima synchrotron radiation center, I felt infinite nervous and uneasy. But
after getting along with my supervisor Prof. Shimada, I started to calm down, because I my
supervisor Prof. Shimada is so approachable and amiable. More importantly, my supervisor Prof.
Shimada is so rigorous in academic research, which has given me a very important influence. In
my study and research, Prof. Kenya Shimada always patiently explains to me in detail to ensure
that I can understand; in my daily life, my supervisor Prof. Shimada also gave me a lot of care
and support, which make me feel endless warmth. The rigorous academic research style and
profound professional knowledge of my supervisor Prof. Shimada is a role model for me to learn
forever.
I would like to express my sincere grateful for the kind, patient, and intellectual guidance
from Prof. Taichi Okuda, Prof. Koji Miyamoto, Prof. Shiv Kumar, Prof. Eike F. Schwier, Prof.
Masashi Arita, Prof. Munisa, Prof. Akio Kimura, Prof. Hirofumi Namatame for the kind support
and professional advice during my Ph.D. study at Hiroshima University. Discussions with they
often prompted me to have a deeper understanding of the experimental data.
Also, I would like to thank Dr. Shilong Wu, Dr. Mingtian Zheng, Dr. Xiaoxiao Wang, Mr.
Wumiti Mansuer, who give me a lot of encouragement and share the experience and something
interesting in their life. I am grateful to Mr. Yamamoto, Miss Namatame, Mr. Miyai, Ms. Hou,
Mr Amit, Mr. ishiba with whom I have had the pleasure to work and study together. Besides, I
am also very grateful for all the kind support and help from Ms. Shinno and Ms. Shimokubo in
Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center and the staffs in student support office and department
of physical science office.
Special thanks to our collaborators Prof. Chaoyu Chen, Prof. Qihang Liu, Prof. Chang Liu,
Mr. Shixuan Zhao, Dr. Xiaoming Ma, Mr. Zhanyang Hao, Ms. Yujie Hao in the Southern
University of Science and Technology, for providing the high-quality single crystal samples and
extensive professional theoretical calculations.
20
I would like to thanks to the generous economic supports from Graduate School of Science,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering in Hiroshima university and Japan
Student Services Organization (JASSO).
Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of my Ph.D. degree than my family. I
wish to thank my beloved parents and my wife for their tremendous spiritual and financial
supports.
10 May 2021
Ke Zhang
21
...