1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.
2. Tahiri M, Sikder T, Maimon G, Teasdale D, Hamadani F, Sourial N, et al. The impact of postoperative complications on the recovery of elderly surgical patients. Surg Endosc. 2016;30:1762–1770.
3. Dolan RD, Daly LE, Simmons CO, Ryan AM, Sim WM, Fallon M, et al. The Relationship between ECOG-PS, mGPS, BMI/WL Grade and Body Composition and Physical Function in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:1187.
4. de Rocha IMG, Marcadenti A, de Medeiros GOC, Bezerra RA, Rego JFM, Gonzalez MC, et al. Is cachexia associated with chemotherapy toxicities in gastrointestinal cancer patients? A prospective study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10:445–454.
5. M Silva F, Petrica J, Serrano J, Paulo R, Ramalho A, Lucas D, et al. The Sedentary Time and Physical Activity Levels on Physical Fitness in the Elderly: A Comparative Cross Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:3697.
6. Yanagisawa T, Sugiura H, Tatematsu N, Horiuchi M, Migitaka S, Itatsu K. Preoperative Sedentary Time Predicts Postoperative Complications in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2020;21:3405–3411.
7. Onerup A, Angenete E, Bonfre P, Börjesson M, Haglind E, Wessman C, et al. Self-assessed preoperative level of habitual physical activity predicted postoperative complications after colorectal cancer surgery: A prospective observational cohort study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45:2045–2051.
8. Metti AL, Best JR, Shaaban CE, Ganguli M, Rosano C. Longitudinal changes in physical function and physical activity in older adults. Age Ageing. 2018;47:558–564.
9. Seguin R, Lamonte M, Tinker L, Liu J, Woods N, Michael YL, et al. Sedentary Behavior and Physical Function Decline in Older Women: Findings from the Women’s Health Initiative. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:271589.
10. Karlsson E, Franzén E, Nygren-Bonnier M, Bergenmar M, Rydwik E. Short-term postoperative physical decline and patient-reported recovery in people aged 70 or older undergoing abdominal cancer resection– A prospective cohort study. J Geriatr Oncol. 2019;10:610–617.
11. Dronkers JJ, Chorus AM, van Meeteren NL, Hopman-Rock M. The association of pre-operative physical fitness and physical activity with outcome after scheduled major abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:67–73.
12. Reddy KM, Meyer CE, Palazzo FF, Conaghan P, Blunt MC, Stebbings WS, et al. Postoperative stay following colorectal surgery: a study of factors associated with prolonged hospital stay. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2003;85:111−114.
13. Moriello C, Mayo NE, Feldman L, Carli F. Validating the Six-Minute Walk Test as a Measure of Recovery After Elective Colon Resection Surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:1083–1089.
14. Pecorelli N, Fiore JF Jr, Gillis C, Awasthi R, Mappin-Kasirer B, Niculiseanu P, et al. The six- minute walk test as a measure of postoperative recovery after colorectal resection: further examination of its measurement properties. Surg Endosc. 2016;30:2199–2206.
15. Antonescu I, Scott S, Tran T, Mayo NE, Feldman LS. Measuring postoperative recovery: What are clinically meaningful differences? Surgery. 2014;156:319−327.
16. Abdul-Jawad Altisent O, Puri R, Regueiro A, Chamandi C, Rodriguez-Gabella T, Del Trigo M, et al. Predictors and Association With Clinical Outcomes of the Changes in Exercise Capacity After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Circulation. 2017;136:632–643.
17. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories.. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:111– 117.
18. Murase N, Katsumura T, Ueda C, Inoue S, Shimomitsu T. Validity and reliability of Japanese version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire. J Heal Welf Stat. 2002;49:1–9.
19. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1381–1395.
20. Sjöström M, Ainsworth B, Bauman A, Bull F, Craig-Hamilton C, Sallis J, et al. Guidelines for data processing analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) – Short and long forms. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx0aGVpcGF xfGd4OjE0NDgxMDk3NDU1YWRlZTM. 2005. Accessed 20 May 2021.
21. Toriumi T, Yamashita H, Kawasaki K, Okumura Y, Wakamatsu K, Yagi K, et al. Preoperative Exercise Habits are Associated with Post-gastrectomy Complications. World J Surg. 2020;44:2736–2742.
22. Yoshimura N, Oka H, Murai S, Akune T, Hirabayashi N, Matsuda S, et al. Reference values for hand grip strength, muscle mass, walking time, and one-leg standing time as indices for locomotive syndrome and associated disability: the second survey of the ROAD study. J Orthop Sci. 2011;16:768−777.
23. Osuka Y, Kim H, Kawai H, Taniguchi Y, Yokoyama Y, Seino S, et al. Sarcoscore: A Novel Approach for Assessing Sarcopenia and Functional Disability in Older Adults. J Clin Med. 2020;9:692.
24. Volakis KA, Thorand B, Peters A, Halle M, Heier M, Strasser B, et al. Physical Activity, Muscular Strength, and Polypharmacy Among Older Multimorbid Persons: Results From the KORA-Age Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28:604–612.
25. Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg. 2004;240:205–213.
26. Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML, Vauthey JN, Dindo D, Schulick RD, et al. The Clavien- Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience. Ann Surg. 2009;250:187– 196.
27. Kanda M, Mizuno A, Tanaka C, Kobayashi D, Fujiwara M, Iwata N, et al. Nutritional predictors for postoperative short-term and long-term outcomes of patients with gastric cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e3781.
28. Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software 'EZR' for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:452–458.
29. Hayashi K, Hirashiki A, Kodama A, Kobayashi K, Yasukawa Y, Shimizu M, et al. Impact of preoperative regular physical activity on postoperative course after open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Heart Vessels. 2016;31:578–583.
30. Romain B, Martin D, Fabacher T, Pache B, Hahnloser D, Demartines N, et al. Comparison of Footsteps Using Connected Bracelets with the Timed Up-and-Go Test and the 6-Minutes Walking Test in a Prospective Colorectal Surgery Cohort. Nutrients. 2020;12:563.
31. de Almeida EPM, de Almeida JP, Landoni G, Galas FRBG, Fukushima JT, Fominskiy E, et al. Early mobilization programme improves functional capacity after major abdominal cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2017;119:900–907.
32. Yasunaga A, Shibata A, Ishii K, Koohsari MJ, Inoue S, Sugiyama T, et al. Associations of sedentary behavior and physical activity with older adults’ physical function: an isotemporal substitution approach. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17:280.
33. Minnella EM, Awasthi R, Gillis C, Fiore JF Jr, Liberman AS, Charlebois P, et al. Patients with poor baseline walking capacity are most likely to improve their functional status with multimodal prehabilitation. Surgery. 2016;160:1070–1079.
34. Crozier JE, McKee RF, McArdle CS, Angerson WJ, Anderson JH, Horgan PG, et al. Preoperative but not postoperative systemic inflammatory response correlates with survival in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2007;94:1028–1032.
35. Alemán H, Esparza J, Ramirez FA, Astiazaran H, Payette H. Longitudinal evidence on the association between interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein with the loss of total appendicular skeletal muscle in free-living older men and women. Age Ageing. 2011;40:469–475.
36. Boo SH, Joo MC, Lee JM, Kim SC, Yu YM, Kim MS. Association between skeletal muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness in community-dwelling elderly men. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31:49–57.
37. Lee L, Schwartzman K, Carli F, Zavorsky GS, Li C, Charlebois P, et al. The association of the distance walked in 6 min with pre-operative peak oxygen consumption and complications 1 month after colorectal resection. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:811–816.
38. Kim HJ, Choi GS, Park JS, Park SY, Jun SH. Simultaneous laparoscopic multi-organ resection combined with colorectal cancer: Comparison with non-combined surgery. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:806–813.
39. Lee CM, Rao J, Son SY, Ahn SH, Lee JH, Park DJ, et al. Laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer with simultaneous organ resection. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2013;23:861–865.
40. Jakobsson J, Idvall E, Kumlien C. Patient characteristics and surgery-related factors associated with patient-reported recovery at 1 and 6 months after colorectal cancer surgery. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26:e12715.
41. Minnella EM, Bousquet-Dion G, Awasthi R, Scheede-Bergdahl C, Carli F. Multimodal prehabilitation improves functional capacity before and after colorectal surgery for cancer: a five-year research experience. Acta Oncol. 2017;56:295–300.
42. Ramel A, Geirsdottir OG, Jonsson PV, Thorsdottiri I. C-Reactive Protein and Resistance Exercise in Community Dwelling Old Adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19:792–796.
43. Khosravi N, Stoner L, Farajivafa V, Hanson ED. Exercise training, circulating cytokine levels and immune function in cancer survivors: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;81:92–104.
44. Do JH, Choi KH, Ahn JS, Jeon JY. Effects of complex rehabilitation program on edema status, physical function, and quality of life in lower-limb lymphedema after gynecological cancer surgery. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;147:450−455.