[1] W. Heisenberg and H. Euler, Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des
Positrons, Zeitschrift fur Physik 98, 714–732 (Nov. 1936).
[2] J. J. Klein and B. P. Nigam, Dichroism of the Vacuum, Phys. Rev. 136,
B1540–B1542 (Dec 1964).
[3] A. Di Piazza, K. Z. Hatsagortsyan, and C. H. Keitel, Light Diffraction by a
Strong Standing Electromagnetic Wave, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 083603 (Aug
2006).
[4] F. Moulin and D. Bernard, Four-wave interaction in gas and vacuum: definition of a third-order nonlinear effective susceptibility in vacuum: χvacuum(3),
Optics Communications 164(1), 137 – 144 (1999).
[5] Z. Bialynicka-Birula and I. Bialynicki-Birula, Nonlinear Effects in Quantum
Electrodynamics. Photon Propagation and Photon Splitting in an External
Field, Phys. Rev. D2, 2341–2345 (Nov. 1970).
[6] C. A. Baker, D. D. Doyle, P. Geltenbort, K. Green, M. G. D. van der Grinten,
P. G. Harris, P. Iaydjiev, S. N. Ivanov, D. J. R. May, J. M. Pendlebury, J. D.
Richardson, D. Shiers, and K. F. Smith, Improved Experimental Limit on the
Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 131801 (Sep
2006).
[7] J. M. Pendlebury et al., Revised experimental upper limit on the electric
dipole moment of the neutron, Phys. Rev. D 92, 092003 (Nov 2015).
[8] R. D. Peccei and H. R. Quinn, CP Conservation in the Presence of Pseudoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1440–1443 (Jun 1977).
[9] S. Weinberg, A New Light Boson?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 223–226 (Jan 1978).
[10] F. Wilczek, Problem of Strong P and T Invariance in the Presence of Instantons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 279–282 (Jan 1978).
[11] H. Leutwyler, The ratios of the light quark masses, Physics Letters B 378(1),
313 – 318 (1996).
140
[12] H. Primakoff, Photo-Production of Neutral Mesons in Nuclear Electric Fields
and the Mean Life of the Neutral Meson, Phys. Rev. 81, 899–899 (Mar 1951).
[13] A. Ringwald, Axions and Axion-Like Particles, 2014.
[14] L. Covi, J. E. Kim, and L. Roszkowski, Axinos as Cold Dark Matter, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 82, 4180–4183 (May 1999).
[15] P. Svrcek and E. Witten, Axions in string theory, Journal of High Energy
Physics 6, 051 (June 2006).
[16] J. P. Conlon, The QCD axion and moduli stabilisation, Journal of High
Energy Physics 2006(05), 078–078 (jun 2006).
[17] G. Raffelt and L. Stodolsky, Mixing of the photon with low-mass particles,
Phys. Rev. D37, 1237–1249 (Mar. 1988).
[18] J. Redondo and A. Ringwald, Light shining through walls, Comtemp. Phys
52(211) (2011).
[19] A. Nobuhiro, Y. Hirahara, K. Homma, Y. Kirita, T. Ozaki, Y. Nakamiya,
M. Hashida, S. Inoue, and S. Sakabe, Extended search for sub-eV axion-like
resonances via four-wave mixing with a quasi-parallel laser collider in a highquality vacuum system, Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
2020(7) (07 2020), 073C01.
[20] P. Astier et al., Search for eV (pseudo)scalar penetrating particles in the SPS
neutrino beam, Physics Letters B 479(4), 371 – 380 (2000).
[21] K. Ehret, M. Frede, S. Ghazaryan, M. Hildebrandt, E.-A. Knabbe, D. Kracht,
A. Lindner, J. List, T. Meier, N. Meyer, D. Notz, J. Redondo, A. Ringwald, G. Wiedemann, and B. Willke, New ALPS results on hidden-sector
lightweights, Physics Letters B 689(4), 149 – 155 (2010).
[22] R. Ballou, G. Deferne, M. Finger, M. Finger, L. Flekova, J. Hosek, S. Kunc,
K. Macuchova, K. A. Meissner, P. Pugnat, M. Schott, A. Siemko, M. Slunecka,
M. Sulc, C. Weinsheimer, and J. Zicha, New exclusion limits on scalar and
pseudoscalar axionlike particles from light shining through a wall, Phys. Rev.
D 92, 092002 (Nov 2015).
[23] T. Inada, T. Yamazaki, T. Namba, S. Asai, T. Kobayashi, K. Tamasaku,
Y. Tanaka, Y. Inubushi, K. Sawada, M. Yabashi, T. Ishikawa, A. Matsuo,
K. Kawaguchi, K. Kindo, and H. Nojiri, Search for Two-Photon Interaction with Axionlike Particles Using High-Repetition Pulsed Magnets and Synchrotron X Rays, Physical Review Letters 118(7), 071803 (Feb. 2017).
[24] J. Jaeckel and A. Ringwald, The Low-Energy Frontier of Particle Physics,
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 60(1), 405–437 (2010).
141
[25] B. Holdom, Two U(1)’s and χ charge shifts, Physics Letters B 166(2), 196 –
198 (1986).
[26] S. Davidson, S. Hannestad, and G. Raffelt, Updated bounds on milli-charged
particles, Journal of High Energy Physics 2000(05), 003–003 (may 2000).
[27] S. Chatrchyan et al., Search for fractionally charged particles in pp collisions
at s = 7 TeV, Phys. Rev. D 87, 092008 (May 2013).
[28] A. A. Prinz, R. Baggs, J. Ballam, S. Ecklund, C. Fertig, J. A. Jaros, K. Kase,
A. Kulikov, W. G. J. Langeveld, R. Leonard, T. Marvin, T. Nakashima, W. R.
Nelson, A. Odian, M. Pertsova, G. Putallaz, and A. Weinstein, Search for
Millicharged Particles at SLAC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1175–1178 (Aug 1998).
[29] A. Badertscher, P. Crivelli, W. Fetscher, U. Gendotti, S. N. Gninenko, V. Postoev, A. Rubbia, V. Samoylenko, and D. Sillou, Improved limit on invisible
decays of positronium, Phys. Rev. D 75, 032004 (Feb 2007).
[30] S. Davidson and M. Peskin, Astrophysical bounds on millicharged particles in
models with a paraphoton, Phys. Rev. D 49, 2114–2117 (Feb 1994).
[31] A. D. Dolgov, S. L. Dubovsky, G. I. Rubtsov, and I. I. Tkachev, Constraints
on millicharged particles from Planck data, Phys. Rev. D 88, 117701 (Dec
2013).
[32] M. Ahlers, H. Gies, J. Jaeckel, and A. Ringwald, Particle interpretation of the
PVLAS data: Neutral versus charged particles, Phys. Rev. D 75, 035011 (Feb
2007).
[33] E. Zavattini, G. Zavattini, G. Ruoso, E. Polacco, E. Milotti, M. Karuza,
U. Gastaldi, G. Di Domenico, F. Della Valle, R. Cimino, S. Carusotto, G. Cantatore, and M. Bregant, Experimental Observation of Optical Rotation Generated in Vacuum by a Magnetic Field, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 110406 (Mar
2006).
[34] E. Zavattini, G. Zavattini, G. Ruoso, E. Polacco, E. Milotti, M. Karuza,
U. Gastaldi, G. Di Domenico, F. Della Valle, R. Cimino, S. Carusotto, G. Cantatore, and M. Bregant, Editorial Note: Experimental Observation of Optical
Rotation Generated in Vacuum by a Magnetic Field [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96,
110406 (2006)], Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 129901 (Sep 2007).
[35] A. Ejlli, F. D. Valle, U. Gastaldi, G. Messineo, R. Pengo, G. Ruoso, and
G. Zavattini, The PVLAS experiment: a 25 year effort to measure vacuum
magnetic birefringence, 2020.
[36] F. Della Valle, A. Ejlli, U. Gastaldi, G. Messineo, E. Milotti, R. Pengo, G. Ruoso, and G. Zavattini, The PVLAS experiment: measuring vacuum magnetic
142
birefringence and dichroism with a birefringent Fabry-Perot cavity, European
Physical Journal C 76, 24 (Jan. 2016).
[37] G. Zavattini, F. Della Valle, A. Ejlli, W. T. Ni, U. Gastaldi, E. Milotti,
R. Pengo, and G. Ruoso, Intrinsic mirror noise in Fabry–Perot based polarimeters: the case for the measurement of vacuum magnetic birefringence,
The European Physical Journal C 78(7), 585 (2018).
[38] A. Cad`ene, P. Berceau, M. Fouch´e, R. Battesti, and C. Rizzo, Vacuum magnetic linear birefringence using pulsed fields: status of the BMV experiment,
European Physical Journal D 68, 16 (Jan. 2014).
[39] R. P. Mignani, V. Testa, D. Gonz´alez Caniulef, R. Taverna, R. Turolla,
S. Zane, and K. Wu, Evidence for vacuum birefringence from the first
optical-polarimetry measurement of the isolated neutron star RX J1856.53754, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 465(1), 492–500
(11 2016).
[40] L. M. Capparelli, A. Damiano, L. Maiani, and A. D. Polosa, A note on
polarized light from magnetars, The European Physical Journal C 77(11),
754 (2017).
[41] K. Kindo, New pulsed-magnets for 100 T, long-pulse and diffraction measurements, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 51, 522–528 (nov 2006).
[42] M. T. Hartman, A. Rivere, R. Battesti, and C. Rizzo, Noise characterization
for resonantly-enhanced polarimetric vacuum magnetic-birefringence experiments, ArXiv e-prints (Dec. 2017).
[43] F. Brandi, F. Della Valle, A. M. De Riva, P. Micossi, F. Perrone, C. Rizzo,
G. Ruoso, and G. Zavattini, Measurement of the phase anisotropy of very high
reflectivity interferential mirrors, Applied Physics B 65(3), 351–355 (1997).
[44] F. Herlach, Pulsed magnets, Reports on Progress in Physics 62(6), 859–920
(jan 1999).
[45] A. Cotton and H. Mouton, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 141(317) (1905).
[46] H.-H. Mei, W.-T. Ni, S.-J. Chen, and S. shi Pan, Measurement of the Cotton–
Mouton effect in nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, and krypton with
the Q & A apparatus, Chemical Physics Letters 471(4), 216 – 221 (2009).
[47] F. Della Valle, A. Ejlli, U. Gastaldi, G. Messineo, E. Milotti, R. Pengo,
L. Piemontese, G. Ruoso, and G. Zavattini, Measurement of the Cotton Mouton effect of water vapour, Chemical Physics Letters 592, 288 – 291 (2014).
[48] F. Della Valle, E. Milotti, A. Ejlli, G. Messineo, L. Piemontese, G. Zavattini,
U. Gastaldi, R. Pengo, and G. Ruoso, First results from the new PVLAS
143
apparatus: A new limit on vacuum magnetic birefringence, Phys. Rev. D 90,
092003 (Nov 2014).
[49] P. Berceau, M. Fouch´e, R. Battesti, and C. Rizzo, Magnetic linear birefringence measurements using pulsed fields, Phys. Rev. A 85, 013837 (Jan 2012).
[50] A. Cad`ene, D. Sordes, P. Berceau, M. Fouch´e, R. Battesti, and C. Rizzo,
Faraday and Cotton-Mouton effects of helium at λ = 1064 nm, Phys. Rev. A
88, 043815 (Oct 2013).
[51] G. Bialolenker, E. Polacco, C. Rizzo, and G. Ruoso, First evidence for the
linear magnetic birefringence of the reflecting surface of interferential mirrors,
Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics 68, 703–706 (1999).
[52] R. W. P. Drever, J. L. Hall, F. V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G. M. Ford, A. J.
Munley, and H. Ward, Laser phase and frequency stabilization using an optical
resonator, Applied Physics B 31(2), 97–105 (1983).
[53] A. Ejlli, F. Della Valle, and G. Zavattini, Polarisation dynamics of a birefringent Fabry–Perot cavity, Applied Physics B 124(2), 22 (2018).
[54] A. Cad`ene, Mesures de bir´efringences magn´etiques dans l’h´elium et le x´enon
gazeux, et dans le vide, PhD thesis, University of Toulouse, 2015.
[55] S.-J. CHEN, H.-H. MEI, and W.-T. NI, Q & A EXPERIMENT TO
SEARCH FOR VACUUM DICHROISM, PSEUDOSCALAR–PHOTON INTERACTION AND MILLICHARGED FERMIONS, Modern Physics Letters
A 22(37), 2815–2831 (2007).
[56] M. Bregant, G. Cantatore, S. Carusotto, R. Cimino, F. Della Valle, G. Di
Domenico, U. Gastaldi, M. Karuza, E. Milotti, E. Polacco, G. Ruoso, E. Zavattini, and G. Zavattini, Measurement of the Cotton–Mouton effect in krypton
and xenon at 1064 nm with the PVLAS apparatus, Chemical Physics Letters
392(1), 276 – 280 (2004).
[57] P. Berceau, M. Fouch´e, R. Battesti, F. Bielsa, J. Mauchain, and C. Rizzo,
Dynamical behaviour of birefringent Fabry–Perot cavities, Applied Physics B
100(4), 803–809 (2010).
[58] F. Della Valle, G. Di Domenico, U. Gastaldi, E. Milotti, R. Pengo, G. Ruoso,
and G. Zavattini, Towards a direct measurement of vacuum magnetic birefringence: PVLAS achievements, Optics Communications 283(21), 4194 – 4198
(2010).
[59] M. T. Hartman, R. Battesti, and C. Rizzo, Characterization of the Vacuum
Birefringence Polarimeter at BMV: Dynamical Cavity Mirror Birefringence,
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 68(6), 2268–2273
(2019).
144
[60] M. T. Hartman, A. Riv`ere, R. Battesti, and C. Rizzo, Noise characterization
for resonantly enhanced polarimetric vacuum magnetic-birefringence experiments, Review of Scientific Instruments 88(12), 123114 (2017).
[61] H. B. Callen and T. A. Welton, Irreversibility and Generalized Noise, Phys.
Rev. 83, 34–40 (Jul 1951).
[62] Optical Coatings and Thermal Noise in Precision Measurement, Cambridge
University Press, 2012.
[63] M. Notcutt, L.-S. Ma, A. D. Ludlow, S. M. Foreman, J. Ye, and J. L. Hall,
Contribution of thermal noise to frequency stability of rigid optical cavity via
Hertz-linewidth lasers, Phys. Rev. A 73, 031804 (Mar 2006).
[64] M. Pitkin, S. Reid, S. Rowan, and J. Hough, Gravitational Wave Detection
by Interferometry (Ground and Space), Living Reviews in Relativity 14(1), 5
(2011).
[65] G. M. Harry, A. M. Gretarsson, P. R. Saulson, S. E. Kittelberger, S. D. Penn,
W. J. Startin, S. Rowan, M. M. Fejer, D. R. M. Crooks, G. Cagnoli, J. Hough,
and N. Nakagawa, Thermal noise in interferometric gravitational wave detectors due to dielectric optical coatings, Classical and Quantum Gravity 19(5),
897–917 (feb 2002).
[66] V. Braginsky, M. Gorodetsky, and S. Vyatchanin, Thermodynamical fluctuations and photo-thermal shot noise in gravitational wave antennae, Physics
Letters A 264(1), 1 – 10 (1999).
[67] V. Braginsky and A. Samoilenko, Measurements of the optical mirror coating
properties, Physics Letters A 315(3), 175 – 177 (2003).
[68] M. M. Fejer, S. Rowan, G. Cagnoli, D. R. M. Crooks, A. Gretarsson, G. M.
Harry, J. Hough, S. D. Penn, P. H. Sneddon, and S. P. Vyatchanin, Thermoelastic dissipation in inhomogeneous media: loss measurements and displacement noise in coated test masses for interferometric gravitational wave
detectors, Phys. Rev. D 70, 082003 (Oct 2004).
[69] V. Braginsky, M. Gorodetsky, and S. Vyatchanin, Thermo-refractive noise in
gravitational wave antennae, Physics Letters A 271(5), 303 – 307 (2000).
[70] W. Koechner and D. Rice, Effect of birefringence on the performance of linearly
polarized YAG:Nd lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 6(9), 557–566
(1970).
[71] M. Varnham, D. Payne, A. Barlow, and R. Birch, Analytic solution for the
birefringence produced by thermal stress in polarization-maintaining optical
fibers, Journal of Lightwave Technology 1(2), 332–339 (1983).
145
[72] T. Hong, H. Yang, E. K. Gustafson, R. X. Adhikari, and Y. Chen, Brownian
thermal noise in multilayer coated mirrors, Phys. Rev. D 87, 082001 (Apr
2013).
[73] Y. Levin, Internal thermal noise in the LIGO test masses: A direct approach,
Phys. Rev. D 57, 659–663 (Jan 1998).
146
...