[1] Guyton AC. Blood pressure control — special role of the kidneys and body fluids. Science 1991;252:1813–6.
[2] O'Shaughnessy KM, Karet FE. Salt handling and hypertension. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1075–81.
[3] Evans RG, Bie P. Role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of hypertension: time for a neo-Guytonian paradigm or a paradigm shift? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016;310:R217–29.
[4] Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:537–43.
[5] Johnson RJ, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T. The effect of fructose on renal biology and disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:2036–9.
[6] Johnson RJ, Perez-Pozo SE, Sautin YY, Manitius J, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Feig DI, et al. Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes? Endocr Rev 2009;30:96–116.
[7] Johnson RJ, Segal MS, Sautin Y, Nakagawa T, Feig DI, Kang DH, et al. Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:899–906.
[8] Jalal DI, Smits G, Johnson RJ, Chonchol M. Increased fructose associates with elevated blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:1543–9.
[9] Brown CM, Dulloo AG, Yepuri G, Montani JP. Fructose ingestion acutely elevates blood pressure in healthy young humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008;294:R730–7.
[10] Perez-Pozo SE, Schold J, Nakagawa T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ, Lillo JL. Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34: 454–61.
[11] Jayalath VH, de Souza RJ, Ha V, Mirrahimi A, Blanco-Mejia S, Di Buono M, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:914–21.
[12] Hayward BE, Bonthron DT. Structure and alternative splicing of the ketohex- okinase gene. Eur J Biochem 1998;257:85–91.
[13] Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Le MT, Garcia GE, Diggle CP, Maclean PS, et al. Opposing effects of fructokinase C and a isoforms on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109:4320–5.
[14] Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Rivard CJ, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Orlicky DJ, Cicerchi C, et al. High-fat and high-sucrose (western) diet induces steatohepatitis that is dependent on fructokinase. Hepatology 2013;58:1632–43.
[15] Nakayama T, Kosugi T, Gersch M, Connor T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Lanaspa MA, et al. Dietary fructose causes tubulointerstitial injury in the normal rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010;298:F712–20.
[16] Lanaspa MA, Ishimoto T, Cicerchi C, Tamura Y, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Chen W, et al. Endogenous fructose production and fructokinase activation mediate renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;25:2526–38.
[17] Lanaspa MA, Kuwabara M, Andres-Hernando A, Li N, Cicerchi C, Jensen T, et al. High salt intake causes leptin resistance and obesity in mice by stimulating endogenous fructose production and metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;115:3138–43.
[18] Roncal-Jimenez CA, Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Milagres T, Hernando AA, Jensen T, et al. Aging-associated renal disease in mice is fructokinase dependent. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016;311:F722–30.
[19] Lanaspa MA, Andres-Hernando A, Orlicky DJ, Cicerchi C, Jang C, Li N, et al. Ketohexokinase C blockade ameliorates fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction in fructose-sensitive mice. J Clin Invest 2018;128:2226–38.
[20] Doke T, Ishimoto T, Hayasaki T, Ikeda S, Hasebe M, Hirayama A, et al. Lacking ketohexokinase-a exacerbates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Metabolism 2018;85:161–70.
[21] Barone S, Fussell SL, Singh AK, Lucas F, Xu J, Kim C, et al. Slc2a5 (Glut5) is essential for the absorption of fructose in the intestine and generation of fructose-induced hypertension. J Biol Chem 2009;284:5056–66.
[22] Singh AK, Amlal H, Haas PJ, Dringenberg U, Fussell S, Barone SL, et al. Fructose- induced hypertension: essential role of chloride and fructose absorbing transporters PAT1 and Glut5. Kidney Int 2008;74:438–47.
[23] Cabral PD, Hong NJ, Hye Khan MA, Ortiz PA, Beierwaltes WH, Imig JD, et al. Fructose stimulates Na/H exchange activity and sensitizes the proximal tubule to angiotensin II. Hypertension 2014;63:e68–73.
[24] Nishimoto Y, Tomida T, Matsui H, Ito T, Okumura K. Decrease in renal medullary endothelial nitric oxide synthase of fructose-fed, salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2002;40:190–4.
[25] Diggle CP, Shires M, Leitch D, Brooke D, Carr IM, Markham AF, et al. Ketohexokinase: expression and localization of the principal fructose- metabolizing enzyme. J Histochem Cytochem 2009;57:763–74.
[26] Sugawara-Yokoo M, Suzuki T, Matsuzaki T, Naruse T, Takata K. Presence of fructose transporter GLUT5 in the S3 proximal tubules in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 1999;56:1022–8.
[27] Biemesderfer D, Rutherford PA, Nagy T, Pizzonia JH, Abu-Alfa AK, Aronson PS. Monoclonal antibodies for high-resolution localization of NHE3 in adult and neonatal rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1997;273:F289–99.
[28] Biemesderfer D, Pizzonia J, Abu-Alfa A, Exner M, Reilly R, Igarashi P, et al. NHE3: a Na+/H+ exchanger isoform of renal brush border. Am J Physiol 1993;265:F736–42.
[29] Queiroz-Leite GD, Crajoinas RO, Neri EA, Bezerra CN, Girardi AC, Reboucas NA, et al. Fructose acutely stimulates NHE3 activity in kidney proximal tubule. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012;36:320–34.
[30] Diggle CP, Shires M, McRae C, Crellin D, Fisher J, Carr IM, et al. Both isoforms of ketohexokinase are dispensable for normal growth and development. Physiol Genomics 2010;42A:235–43.
[31] Ge Y, Bagnall A, Stricklett PK, Strait K, Webb DJ, Kotelevtsev Y, et al. Collecting duct-specific knockout of the endothelin B receptor causes hypertension and sodium retention. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006;291:F1274–80.
[32] Deji N, Kume S, Araki S, Soumura M, Sugimoto T, Isshiki K, et al. Structural and functional changes in the kidneys of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009;296:F118–26.
[33] Carraro-Lacroix LR, Ramirez MA, Zorn TM, Reboucas NA, Malnic G. Increased NHE1 expression is associated with serum deprivation-induced differentiation in immortalized rat proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006;291: F129–39.
[34] Krycer JR, Yugi K, Hirayama A, Fazakerley DJ, Quek LE, Scalzo R, et al. Dynamic metabolomics reveals that insulin primes the adipocyte for glucose metabolism. Cell Rep 2017;21:3536–47.
[35] Donowitz M, Montgomery JL, Walker MS, Cohen ME. Brush-border tyrosine phosphorylation stimulates ileal neutral NaCl absorption and brush-border Na (+)-H+ exchange. Am J Physiol 1994;266:G647–56.
[36] Donowitz M, Li X. Regulatory binding partners and complexes of NHE3. Physiol Rev 2007;87:825–72.
[37] Cha SH, Wolfgang M, Tokutake Y, Chohnan S, Lane MD. Differential effects of central fructose and glucose on hypothalamic malonyl-CoA and food intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:16871–5.
[38] Adams SH, Stanhope KL, Grant RW, Cummings BP, Havel PJ. Metabolic and endocrine profiles in response to systemic infusion of fructose and glucose in rhesus macaques. Endocrinology 2008;149:3002–8.
[39] Yang J, Jose PA, Zeng C. Gastrointestinal-renal Axis: role in the regulation of blood pressure. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6.
[40] Packer M. Role of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger in mediating the renal effects of drugs commonly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018;20:800–11.
[41] Reilly RF, Hildebrandt F, Biemesderfer D, Sardet C, Pouyssegur J, Aronson PS, et al. cDNA cloning and immunolocalization of a Na(+)-H+ exchanger in LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1991;261:F1088–94.
[42] Shugrue CA, Obermuller N, Bachmann S, Slayman CW, Reilly RF. Molecular cloning of NHE3 from LLC-PK1 cells and localization in pig kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10: 1649–57.
[43] Biemesderfer D, Reilly RF, Exner M, Igarashi P, Aronson PS. Immunocytochemical characterization of Na(+)-H+ exchanger isoform NHE-1 in rabbit kidney. Am J Physiol 1992;263:F833–40.
[44] Valles PG, Bocanegra V, Gil Lorenzo A, Costantino VV. Physiological functions and regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger [NHE1] in renal tubule epithelial cells. Kidney Blood Press Res 2015;40:452–66.
[45] Dominguez Rieg JA, de la Mora Chavez S, Rieg T. Novel developments in differentiating the role of renal and intestinal sodium hydrogen exchanger 3. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016;311:R1186–91.
[46] Willoughby D, Cooper DM. Organization and Ca2+ regulation of adenylyl cyclases in cAMP microdomains. Physiol Rev 2007;87:965–1010.
[47] Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A, Guy C, Unalp-Arida A, Colvin R, Johnson RJ, et al. Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010;51:1961–71.
[48] Rukavina Mikusic NL, Kouyoumdzian NM, Del Mauro JS, Cao G, Trida V, Gironacci MM, et al. Effects of chronic fructose overload on renal dopaminergic system: alteration of urinary L-dopa/dopamine index correlates to hypertension and precedes kidney structural damage. J Nutr Biochem 2018;51:47–55.
[49] Felder CC, Campbell T, Albrecht F, Jose PA. Dopamine inhibits Na(+)-H+ exchanger activity in renal BBMV by stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Am J Physiol 1990;259: F297–303.
[50] Cheng CJ, Huang CL. Activation of PI3-kinase stimulates endocytosis of ROMK via Akt1/ SGK1-dependent phosphorylation of WNK1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:460–71.
[51] Alvarez de la Rosa D, Canessa CM. Role of SGK in hormonal regulation of epithelial sodium channel in A6 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003;284:C404–14.
[52] Loffing J, Zecevic M, Feraille E, Kaissling B, Asher C, Rossier BC, et al. Aldosterone induces rapid apical translocation of ENaC in early portion of renal collecting system: possible role of SGK. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001;280:F675–82.
[53] Huang DY, Boini KM, Friedrich B, Metzger M, Just L, Osswald H, et al. Blunted hypertensive effect of combined fructose and high-salt diet in gene-targeted mice lacking functional serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006;290:R935–44.
[54] Feraille E, Dizin E. Coordinated control of ENaC and Na+,K+-ATPase in renal collecting duct. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;27:2554–63.
[55] Chen SY, Bhargava A, Mastroberardino L, Meijer OC, Wang J, Buse P, et al. Epithelial sodium channel regulated by aldosterone-induced protein sgk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:2514–9.
[56] Stevens VA, Saad S, Poronnik P, Fenton-Lee CA, Polhill TS, Pollock CA. The role of SGK-1 in angiotensin II-mediated sodium reabsorption in human proximal tubular cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:1834–43.
[57] Saad S, Agapiou DJ, Chen XM, Stevens V, Pollock CA. The role of Sgk-1 in the upregulation of transport proteins by PPAR-{gamma} agonists in human proximal tubule cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:1130–41.
[58] Saad S, Stevens VA, Wassef L, Poronnik P, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE, et al. High glucose transactivates the EGF receptor and up-regulates serum glucocorticoid kinase in the proximal tubule. Kidney Int 2005;68:985–97.