1. Garcia-España, A. et al. Appearance of new tetraspanin genes during vertebrate evolution. Genomics 91, 326–334 (2008).
2. Huang, S. et al. The phylogenetic analysis of tetraspanins projects the evolution of cell–cell interactions from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Genomics 86, 674–684 (2005).
3. Hotta, H. et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of an antigen associated with early stages of melanoma tumor progression. Cancer Res. 48, 2955–62 (1988).
4. Oren, R., Takahashi, S., Doss, C., Levy, R. & Levy, S. TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, defines a new family of transmembrane proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 4007–4015 (1990).
5. Classon, B. J., Williams, A. F., Willis, A. C., Seed, B. & Stamenkovic, I. The primary structure of the human leukocyte antigen CD37, a species homologue of the rat MRC OX-44 antigen. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1497–502 (1989).
6. Wright, M. D., Henkle, K. J. & Mitchell, G. F. An immunogenic Mr 23,000 integral membrane protein of Schistosoma mansoni worms that closely resembles a human tumor-associated antigen. J. Immunol. 144, 3195–200 (1990).
7. Classon, B. J., Williams, A. F., Willis, A. C., Seed, B. & Stamenkovic, I. The primary structure of the human leukocyte antigen CD37, a species homologue of the rat MRC OX-44 antigen. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1497–502 (1989).
8. Todres, E., Nardi, J. B. & Robertson, H. M. The tetraspanin superfamily in insects. Insect Mol. Biol. 9, 581–90 (2000).
9. Fradkin, L. G., Kamphorst, J. T., DiAntonio, A., Goodman, C. S. & Noordermeer, J. N. Genomewide analysis of the Drosophila tetraspanins reveals a subset with similar function in the formation of the embryonic synapse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 13663–8 (2002).
10. Maecker, H. T., Todd, S. C. & Levy, S. The tetraspanin superfamily: molecular facilitators. FASEB J. 11, 428–42 (1997).
11. Hemler, M. E. Tetraspanin Proteins Mediate Cellular Penetration, Invasion, and Fusion Events and Define a Novel Type of Membrane Microdomain. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19, 397–422 (2003).
12. Yá N ˜ Ez-Mó, M., Barreiro, O., Nica Gordon-Alonso, M., Nica Sala-Valdé, M. & Sá Nchez-Madrid, F. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains: a functional unit in cell plasma membranes. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2009.06.004
13. Hemler, M. E. Tetraspanin functions and associated microdomains. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 801–811 (2005).
14. Berditchevski, F., Zutter, M. M. & Hemler, M. E. Characterization of novel complexes on the cell surface between integrins and proteins with 4 transmembrane domains (TM4 proteins). Mol. Biol. Cell 7, 193–207 (1996).
15. Yauch, R. L., Berditchevski, F., Harler, M. B., Reichner, J. & Hemler, M. E. Highly Stoichiometric, Stable, and Specific Association of Integrin α3β1 with CD151 Provides a Major Link to Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase, and May Regulate Cell Migration. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 2751–2765 (1998).
16. Serru, V. et al. Selective tetraspan-integrin complexes (CD81/alpha4beta1, CD151/alpha3beta1, CD151/alpha6beta1) under conditions disrupting tetraspan interactions. Biochem. J. 340 ( Pt 1), 103–11 (1999).
17. Termini, C. M. & Gillette, J. M. Tetraspanins Function as Regulators of Cellular Signaling. Front. cell Dev. Biol. 5, 34 (2017).
18. Humphries, J. D., Byron, A. & Humphries, M. J. Integrin ligands at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 119, 3901–3903 (2006).
19. Barczyk, M., Carracedo, S. & Gullberg, D. Integrins. Cell Tissue Res. 339, 269– 80 (2010).
20. Schlaepfer, D. D., Hauck, C. R. & Sieg, D. J. Signaling through focal adhesion kinase. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 71, 435–478 (1999).
21. Berditchevski, F. & Odintsova, E. Characterization of integrin-tetraspanin adhesion complexes: role of tetraspanins in integrin signaling. J. Cell Biol. 146, 477–92 (1999).
22. Zhou, B., Liu, L., Reddivari, M. & Zhang, X. A. The Palmitoylation of Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82 Is Important for Its Motility- and Invasiveness-Inhibitory Activity. Cancer Res. 64, 7455–7463 (2004).
23. Charrin, S. et al. Differential stability of tetraspanin/tetraspanin interactions: role of palmitoylation. FEBS Lett. 516, 139–44 (2002).
24. Clark, K. L. et al. CD81 Associates with 14-3-3 in a Redox-regulated Palmitoylation-dependent Manner. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 19401–19406 (2004).
25. Yang, X. et al. Palmitoylation of Tetraspanin Proteins: Modulation of CD151 Lateral Interactions, Subcellular Distribution, and Integrin-dependent Cell Morphology. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 767–781 (2002).
26. Berditchevski, F., Odintsova, E., Sawada, S. & Gilbert, E. Expression of the Palmitoylation-deficient CD151 Weakens the Association of α 3 β 1 Integrin with the Tetraspanin-enriched Microdomains and Affects Integrin-dependent Signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 36991–37000 (2002).
27. Jankovičová, J., Simon, M., Antalíková, J., Cupperová, P. & Michalková, K. Role of Tetraspanin CD9 Molecule in Fertilization of Mammals. Physiol. Res 64, 279–293 (2015).
28. Reyes, R., Cardeñes, B., Machado-Pineda, Y. & Cabañas, C. Tetraspanin CD9: A Key Regulator of Cell Adhesion in the Immune System. Front. Immunol. 9, 863 (2018).
29. Kaji, K. et al. The gamete fusion process is defective in eggs of Cd9-deficient mice. Nat. Genet. 24, 279–282 (2000).
30. Miyado, K. et al. Requirement of CD9 on the egg plasma membrane for fertilization. Science 287, 321–4 (2000).
31. Le Naour, F., Rubinstein, E., Jasmin, C., Prenant, M. & Boucheix, C. Severely reduced female fertility in CD9-deficient mice. Science 287, 319–21 (2000).
32. Runge, K. E. et al. Oocyte CD9 is enriched on the microvillar membrane and required for normal microvillar shape and distribution. Dev. Biol. 304, 317–325 (2007).
33. Hemler, M. E. Tetraspanin proteins promote multiple cancer stages. Nat. Rev. Cancer 14, 49–60 (2014).
34. Charrin, S. et al. The major CD9 and CD81 molecular partner. Identification and characterization of the complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 14329–37 (2001).
35. Stipp, C. S., Kolesnikova, T. V. & Hemler, M. E. EWI-2 Is a Major CD9 and CD81 Partner and Member of a Novel Ig Protein Subfamily. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 40545–40554 (2001).
36. Mattila, P. K. et al. The Actin and Tetraspanin Networks Organize Receptor Nanoclusters to Regulate B Cell Receptor-Mediated Signaling. Immunity 38, 461–474 (2013).
37. Cherukuri, A. et al. The tetraspanin CD81 is necessary for partitioning of coligated CD19/CD21-B cell antigen receptor complexes into signaling-active lipid rafts. J. Immunol. 172, 370–80 (2004).
38. Pileri, P. et al. Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. Science 282, 938–41 (1998).
39. Sincock, P. M. et al. PETA-3/CD151, a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, is localised to the plasma membrane and endocytic system of endothelial cells, associates with multiple integrins and modulates cell function. J. Cell Sci. 112 ( Pt 6), 833–44 (1999).
40. den Berg, van. Association of the tetraspanin CD151 with the laminin-binding integrins α3β1, α6β1, α6β4 and α7β1 in cells in culture and in vivo.
41. Sadej, R., Grudowska, A., Turczyk, L., Kordek, R. & Romanska, H. M. CD151 in cancer progression and metastasis: a complex scenario. Lab. Investig. 94, 41– 51 (2014).
42. Wu, X.-R., Kong, X.-P., Pellicer, A., Kreibich, G. & Sun, T.-T. Uroplakins in urothelial biology, function, and disease. Kidney Int. 75, 1153–1165 (2009).
43. Clarke, G. et al. Rom-1 is required for rod photoreceptor viability and the regulation of disk morphogenesis. Nat. Genet. 25, 67–73 (2000).
44. Connell, G. et al. Photoreceptor peripherin is the normal product of the gene responsible for retinal degeneration in the rds mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88, 723–6 (1991).
45. Khattree, N., Ritter, L. M. & Goldberg, A. F. X. Membrane curvature generation by a C-terminal amphipathic helix in peripherin-2/rds, a tetraspanin required for photoreceptor sensory cilium morphogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 126, 4659–70 (2013).
46. Zimmerman, B. et al. Crystal Structure of a Full-Length Human Tetraspanin Reveals a Cholesterol-Binding Pocket. Cell 167, 1041–1051.e11 (2016).