1 Deshmukh AS. Insulin -stimulated glucose uptake in healthy and insu lin-resistant skeletal muscle. Horm M ol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 26: 13–24.
2 Wagenknecht LE, Lan gefeld CD, Scherzinger AL et al. Insulin sensitivity, insu lin secretion, an d abdominal fat: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis stu dy (IRAS) family study. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2490–2496.
3 Müller MJ, Lagerpu sch M, En derle J, Schautz B, Heller M, Bosy-Westphal A. Beyond the body mass in dex: tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity an d the metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev 2012; 13 (suppl 2): 6–13.
4 Al-Sofi ani ME, Gan ji SS, Kalyani RR. Body composition changes in diabetes and aging. JDiabetes Complications 2019; 33: 451–459.
5 Kim T N , Choi KM. Sarcopenia: defi nition, epidemiology, and pathoph ysiology. JBoneM etab 2013; 20: 1–10.
6 Sugimoto K, Tabara Y, Ikegami H et al. H yperglycemia in non -obese patien ts with type 2 diabetes is associated with low mu scle mass: th e multicenter study for clarifying evidence for sarcopenia in patien ts with diabetes mellitus. JDiabetes Investig 2019; 10: 1471–1479.
7 Arden N K, Spector T D . Gen etic in fl uen ces on mu scle strength, lean body mass, and bone mineral density: a twin study. J Bone M iner Res 1997; 12: 2076–2081.
8 H su FC, Lench ik L, N icklas BJ et al. H eritability of body composition measu red by D XA in th e diabetes heart stu dy. Obes Res 2005; 13: 312–319.
9 Zillikens MC, D emissie S, H su YH et al. Large meta-analysis of gen ome-wide association stu dies identifi es fi ve loci for lean bo dy mass. Nat Commun 2017; 8: 80.
10 Janssen I, Heymsfi eld SB, Baumgartner RN , Ross R. Estimation of skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 465–471.
11 N auck M A, Vilsbøll T, Gallwitz B, Garber A, Madsbad S. Incretinbased therapies: viewpoints on the way to consensu s. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (suppl 2): S223–S231.
12 Karasik D , Zillikens MC, H su YH et al. Disentangling th e gen etics of lean mass. Am JClin Nutr 2019; 109: 276–287.
13 Kim EY, Kim SR, Won D D , Choi MH , Lee IK. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis compared with comp uted tomograph y for assessment of skeletal muscle mass in primary colorectal malignancy: a predictor of short-term o utcome after surgery. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35: 664–674.
14 Kilpeläinen T O , Z illikens MC, Stan cˇakova A et al. Genetic variation near IRS1 associates with redu ced adiposity and an impaired metabolic profi le. Nat Genet 2011; 43: 753–760.
15 Glass D J. Skeletal mu scle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int JBiochem Cell Biol 2005; 37: 1974–1984.
16 Wan g Y, N ishina PM, N aggert JK. Degradation of IRS1 leads to impaired glucose u ptake in adipose tissue of the type 2 diabetes mouse model T ALLYHO /Jng. JEndocrinol 2009; 203: 65–74.
17 Karlsson H KR, Kasahara A, Ikeda M et al. Q u antitative ph osphoproteomic analysis of IRS1 in skeletal muscle from men with n ormal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes: a case-con trol study. M etabolism 2021; 118: 154726.
18 H all N G, Klenotic P, Anand-Apte B, Apte SS. ADAMT SL-3/pu nctin -2, a n ovel glycoprotein in extracellular matrix related to th e AD AMTS family of metalloproteases. M atrix Biol 2003; 22: 501–510.
19 Lango Allen H , Estrada K, Lettre G et al. H un dreds of varian ts clustered in gen omic loci an d biological pathways affect human h eight. Nature 2010; 467: 832–838.
20 N ’Diaye A, Chen GK, Palmer CD et al. Identifi cation, replication, and fi ne-mapping of loci associated with adult h eight in in dividuals of african ancestry. PLoS Genet 2011; 7: e1002298.
21 Liu Y, Zan L, Zh ao S, Xin Y, Jiao Y, Li K. Molecular characterization, expression pattern, polymorphism an d association analysis of bovine AD AMT SL3 gene. M ol Biol Rep 2012; 39: 1551–1560.
22 Lee SY, Ahn S, Kim YJ et al. Comparison between dual- energy X- ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analyses for accuracy in measu rin g wh ole body muscle mass and appen dicular skeletal muscle mass. Nutrients 2018; 10: 738.
23 Sugimoto K, Ikegami H , Takata Y et al. Glycemic control and insulin improve mu scle mass and gait speed in type 2 diabetes: the MUSCLESD M study. JAm M ed Dir Assoc 2021; 22: 834–838.
24 H inney A, N guyen TT, Scherag A et al. Genome wide association (GWA) study for early onset extreme obesity supports the role of fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) variants. PLoS One2007; 2: e1361.