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19
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Figure Legends
362
Fig. 1. Map of Sudan. The states in which blood samples were collected are indicated in brown.
363
The biggest town in each state is indicated as a dot (Blue, Fula; Black, Damazin). The figure was
364
generated and modified using GIMP 2.8.10 (https://www.gimp.org ).
20
Highlights
Trypanosomes were detected in cattle, sheep, and goats in Sudan using CATT/T. evansi.
Trypanoszoon and T. vivax were detected in sheep and goats in Sudan.
Trypanoszoon, T. vivax, and T. congolense were detected in cattle in Sudan.
Sheep and goats may play important roles in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis.
Table 1. Primers used in the current study
Parasite
PCR method
Primer
Sequence
Target gene
Length
Source
T. evansi
KIN
540 bp
Desquesnes et al., 2001
RoTat 1.2
5′-GCGTTCAAAGATTGGGCAAT-3′
5′-CGCCCGAAAGTTCACC-3′
5´-GCCACCACGGCGAAAGAC-3´
5´-TAATCAGTGTGGTGTGC-3´
ITS-1
T. evansi
Kin1
Kin2
ILO7957
ILO8091
RoTat 1.2 VSG
488 bp
Urakawa et al., 2001
T. congolense
savannah
KIN
750 bp
Desquesnes et al., 2001
KIN
ITS-1
300 bp
Desquesnes et al., 2001
T. vivax
TviCatL
5′-GCGTTCAAAGATTGGGCAAT-3′
5′-CGCCCGAAAGTTCACC-3′
5′-GCGTTCAAAGATTGGGCAAT-3′
5′-CGCCCGAAAGTTCACC-3′
5′-TTAAAGCTTCCACGAGTTCTTGATGATCCAGTA-3′
5′-GCCATCGCCAAGTACCTCGCCGA-3′
ITS-1
T. vivax
Kin1
Kin2
Kin1
Kin2
DTO 155
TviCatL1
cathepsin L-like
200 bp
Cortez et al., 2009
Table 2. Overall prevalence of different trypanosomes in cattle, sheep, and goats in Blue Nile and West Kordofan States, Sudan
Blue Nile
West Kordofan
Total
Cattle
100% (57/57)
92% (12/13)
99% (69/70)
Sheep
100% (36/36)
96% (25/26)
98% (61/62)
Goats
87% (66/76)
80% (32/40)
84% (98/116)
Table 3. Prevalence of different trypanosomes in cattle in Blue Nile and West Kordofan States using PCR and MHCT
Area
Blue Nile
West Kordofan
Total
MHCT
4% (2/57)
8% (1/13)
4% (3/70)
KIN-PCR
Trypanozoon
37% (21/57)
0% (0/13)
30% (21/70)
T. vivax
9% (5/57)
0% (0/13)
7% (5/70)
T. congolense
17% (10/57)
0% (0/13)
14% (10/70)
RoTat-1.2
TviCatL-PCR
T. evansi
24% (5/21)
NA
24% (5/21)
T. vivax
100% (57/57)
92% (12/13)
99% (69/70)
Mixed
33% (17/57)
NA
33% (17/57)
Table 4. Prevalence of different trypanosomes in sheep in Blue Nile and West Kordofan States using PCR and MHCT
Area
Blue Nile
West Kordofan
Total
MHCT
0% (0/36)
3% (1/26)
2% (1/62)
KIN-PCR
Trypanozoon
17% (6/36)
54% (14/26)
32% (20/62)
T. vivax
19% (7/36)
15% (4/26)
18% (11/62)
T. congolense
0% (0/36)
0% (0/26)
0% (0/62)
RoTat-1.2
TviCatL-PCR
T. evansi
83% (5/6)
64% (9/14)
70% (14/20)
T. vivax
100% (36/36)
96% (25/26)
98% (61/62)
Mixed
17% (6/36)
50% (13/26)
31% (19/62)
Table 5. Prevalence of different trypanosomes in goats in Blue Nile and West Kordofan States using PCR and MHCT
Area
MHCT
KIN-PCR
Trypanozoon T. vivax
Blue Nile
3% (2/76)
18% (14/76)* 3% (2/76)
West Kordofan 8% (3/40)
0% (0/40)
5% (2/40)
Total
4% (5/116) 12% (14/116) 3% (4/116)
* indicates statistically significant difference (P < 0.05).
T. congolense
0% (0/76)
0% (0/40)
0% (0/116)
RoTat-1.2
TviCatL-PCR
T. evansi
86% (12/14)
NA
86% (12/14)
T. vivax
87% (66/76)
80% (32/40)
84% (98/116)
Mixed
13% (10/76)
0% (0/40)
9% (10/116)
Table 6. Seroprevalence of trypanosomosis using CATT/T. evansi
Blue Nile
West Kordofan
Total
CATT/T. evansi
Cattle
Sheep
51% (29/57)
31% (11 /36)
23% (3/13)
27% (7/26)
46% (32/70)
45% (28/62)
Goats
12% (9/76)
18% (7/40)
14% (16/116)
West Kordofan
Blue Nile
Figure 1
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